Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem
Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem 2311 Chapter 10 Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives By Prof. Dr. Adel M. Awadallah Islamic University of Gaza 1
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Diacids 9
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Physical Properties of carboxylic acids Hydrogen bonding Solubility in water (lower acids) 11
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Acidity of carboxylic acids p. Ka = -log Ka As Ka increase or p. Ka decrease, the acidity increase 13
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Resonance and Inductive effect Conversion of acids to salts 15
Preparation of carboxylic acids 16
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Reactions of carboxylic acids 18
Esters Nomenclature 19
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Examples 21
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Lactones (Cyclic Esters) 24
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Reactions of Esters with Grignard Reagent 27
Formation of Amides (Ammonolysis of Esters) 28
Reduction of Esters can be reduced to primary alcohols 29
The Cliasen Condensation 30
Acid Halides They are prepared from the reaction of acids with thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides 31
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Reactions of acid chlorides Acid chlorides react rapidly with most nucleophiles such as water, alcohols and ammonia Acyl halides have irritating odors. Benzoyl chlorid is a lachrymator (tear gas) 33
Reaction with Grignard Reagent 34
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Preparation of mixed anhydrides 37
• Mixed anhydrides 38
Nucleophilic substitution of anhydrides 39
Amides • Nomenclature 40
• Properties of Amides 41
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Amide Resonance 43
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Reactions of Amides (Hydrolysis and Reduction) 45
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- Slides: 47
