Organic Chemistry Chp 3 Polymerization Large compounds are

Organic Chemistry Chp 3

Polymerization § Large compounds are formed from strings of smaller compounds § The small compounds are called MONOMERS § When joined together, they are call POLYMERS § We only have 26 letters in the alphabet, but we join those letters in long and short ways to make an infinite number of words

Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis) Monomer OH H Polymer H 20 OH Monomer Removal of Water

Hydrolysis (Hydration) Monomer OH H Polymer Addition of Water H 20 OH Monomer

Carbohydrates § Functions l E storage (starch, glycogen) l Structure/support (chitin, cellulose) l Membrane receptors (glycoproteins) § Monomers = monosaccharides § Adding monomers creates di- and polysaccharides

GLUCOSE

Common Disaccharide

STORAGE Polymers § Starch = Polymer of Glucose (plants) § Glycogen = Polymer of glucose (animals) § Structural l Cellulose: Polymer of glucose (Beta)

Lipids § Functions l E storage (fats, oils) l Membranes (phospholipids) § Triglycerides: glycerol and 3 fatty acids § Saturated: all single bonds § Unsaturated: some double bonds

Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids Triglyceride + 3 Water

Phospholipids

Lipids § Sterols l 4 interconnecting C rings l Vitamin D, cortisone, testosterone, estrogen, and cholesterol l Cholesterol produced by liver during breakdown of saturated fats l Excess cholesterol can accumulate in inner lining of blood vessels l Avoid too much saturated fat

Lipids § Waxes l Fatty acids combined with either alcohols or other hydrocarbons l Usually hard l Water-repellent, which helps to waterproof fur, feathers, and leaves

Proteins § Functions l Transport (hemoglobin) l Muscle action (myosin, actin) l Blood clotting (thrombin, fibrin) l Support (collagen, elastin) l Immunity (antibodies) l Rxn catalysis (enzymes) § Monomers = amino acids

Proteins § Conformation: 3 -D structure O l 1 : sequence of amino acids O l 2 : H-bonds between nonadjacent carboxyl and amino groups • Alpha helix • Beta-pleated sheets O l 3 : disulfide and ionic bonds between R groups O l 4 : H- and ionic bonds between separate polypeptides

Denature

Chaperone Protein

Nucleic Acids § Functions l Transfer of genetic information § Monomers = nucleotides § Nucleotides: l Nitrogenous base l 5 -C sugar l Phosphate group