Organic Chemistry Chapter 1An Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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Organic Chemistry Chapter 1—An Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Carbon
Introduction to Organic Chemistry q Organic chemistry is the study of carboncontaining compounds q(especially compounds containing C-C bonds) q The field of organic chemistry is very important for a wide variety of reasons. q. A huge number of carbon-containing compounds are known. q More than 16 million known compounds q About 90% of new compounds made each year contain carbon
Introduction to Organic Chemistry q Most of the advances in the pharmaceutical industry are based on a knowledge of organic chemistry. q Many drugs are organic compounds q Life as we know it is based on organic chemistry. q Most biologically important compounds contain carbon: q DNA, RNA q proteins q carbohydrates
Organic Compounds Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon. Compounds lacking carbon and not from living organisms referred to as “inorganic”.
Organic Compounds Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
Carbon – The Element of Life q. Carbon’s unique atomic structure allows it to covalently bond with up to four other atoms q Carbon is the simplest element on the periodic table that also has four valence electrons q. Carbon is neither electronegative nor electropositive Drawings of carbon and it’s bonding ability:
Carbon—The Element of Life q Most organic compounds have a “skeleton” that is composed of C-C bonds. q The C-C bonds may be single bonds, double bonds, or triple bonds. q The “skeleton” of an organic compound has H’s attached to it. qother “heteroatoms” like O, halogens or N may be present as well
Carbon The number of bonds formed by C in an organic compound is determined by the electron configuration of C. q Carbon has four valence electrons: 1 s 22 p 2 q
Carbon generally forms 4 equivalent bonds. q The formation of four equivalent bonds is best explained using the concept of hybrid orbitals. q Hybrid orbitals
Hybrid Orbitals & Carbon q When C forms four single bonds: q sp 3 hybrid orbitals are involved tetrahedral geometry q When C forms a double bond: q sp 2 hybrid orbitals are used trigonal planar geometry q When C forms a triple bond: q sp hybrid orbitals are used linear geometry
Bonding in Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain not only C-C bonds but also C-H bonds. q q C-C and C-H bonds tend to be non-polar because there is a small difference in electronegativites q Most (but not all) organic compounds are relatively non-polar qgenerally not very soluble in water
Structural Formulas q When we write a simple chemical formula, such as CH 4, we are actually writing what we call a molecular formula q Molecular Formulas – show the atoms and the number of atoms involved in a molecule but nothing else q In organic chemistry, it is often more useful to show structural formulas instead q Structural Formulas – show each type of atom and how they are arranged in a molecule
Structural Formulas H CH 4 H - C - H H Molecular Formula Structural Formula 3 -D Structure
Isomers Structural formulas are important in organic chemistry because of isomers Isomers are two compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR formulas but different structural formulas -- they have different chemical and physical properties C 3 H 8 O
Types of Organic Compounds q The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons: qorganic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen qfour general types: qalkanes qalkenes qalkynes qaromatic hydrocarbons
Types of Organic Compounds q Alkanes: qhydrocarbons that contain only single bonds q Examples: q. Methane q. Ethane q CH 4 C 2 H 6 Alkenes: qhydrocarbons that contain a C = C double bond q. H 2 C = CH 2 (ethylene)
Types of Organic Compounds q Alkynes: qhydrocarbons that contain a C q. H – C C – H (acetylene) C triple bond q. There are others to follow but these are the first three simplest organic molecules.
Functional Groups Organic compounds that are soluble in polar solvents such as water generally have a polar functional group present in the molecule. q. An atom or group of atoms that influences the way the molecule functions, reacts or behaves. q. An atom or group of atoms in a molecule that undergoes predictable chemical reactions q. The center of reactivity in an organic molecule
Functional Groups Since functional groups are responsible for the many of the chemical and physical properties of organic compounds, we often classify and study organic compounds by the type of functional group present.
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
Functional Groups Example: Name the functional groups that are present in the following compounds: CH 3 CH 2 OH O H 2 C = CHCOH CH 3 CH 2 NCH 3
Major Classifications 1)Acyclic—contains no rings in the structure 2)Carbocyclic—contains at least one ring only made up of carbon 3)Heterocyclic—contains at least one ring that has an element other than carbon in it acyclic carbocyclic heterocyclic
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