Organelles of the Cell Three Sections of the

Organelles of the Cell

Three Sections of the Cell cytoplasm • All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce • 3 main sections • 1) Plasma membrane • 2) Nucleus • 3) Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell • Most organelles float within – – – – Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell • Most organelles float within – – – – Department of General Instrumentation (KUN) (E. S. Pierson, B. van der Linden) Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes Cytoplasmic streaming!

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell • Most organelles float within – – – – Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes • Job: Help dissolve solutes & move materials around

glucose lipid lipid lipid Protein channel lipid lipid • • Aka: Cell Membrane Composition: Bilayer of lipids & proteins glucose Job: Allow materials to enter/exit Semi-Permeable: only specific materials may enter and exit through pores & protein channels – NOT EVERYTHING can pass through.

nucleolus • Job: Controls cell activity • Inside: 1) Chromatin • long strands of DNA • holds info to make proteins 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum nucleolus chromatin • Rough ER nuclear envelope – Receives ribosomes from the nucleoulus – Job: Tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER – Receives ribosomes from the nucleus – Job: Tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes • Smooth ER: – makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Ribosomes protein Amino acid Amino acid ribosomeribosome ribosome • Created by nucleolus • Transported by the rough ER • Job: make proteins

Golgi Body • Job: Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins • Proteins released inside a protective vesicle

vesicle nucleolus Nucleus protein ribosome 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through ER making proteins

vesicle protein ribosome

vesicle protein 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through ER making proteins 3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein 4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell

1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through ER making proteins 3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein 4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor Ribosome 1) Which organelle builds proteins? ______ 2) Stores DNA? ______ Nucleus Nucleolus 3) Produces ribosomes? ______ Smooth ER 4) Creates fats and breaks down toxins? ______ 5) Packages and releases proteins from a cell? _____ Golgi body Cell membrane 6) Allows material to enter/exit a cell? _______ Ribosome 7) Links chains of amino acids together? _______

1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus

The Answer is…. Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle

• Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration • Endosymbiosis theory: once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells – Evidence: • Own DNA & ribosomes • Make proteins • Replicate Mitochondria

Mitochondria ancestor A large predator cell devours the mitochondria ancestor Mitochondria survive and divide The predator cell divides, splitting apart the mitochondria The process continues. Overtime, the two are dependent on each other.

Lysosome • Contain digestive enzymes • Jobs: 1) Break down food protein cell p r ot ein Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

Lysosome • Contain digestive enzymes • Jobs: 1) Break down food 2) Kill pathogens Lysosome (with enzymes inside) White blood cell

Lysosome • Contain digestive enzymes • Jobs: 1) Break down food 2) Kill pathogens 3) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell

• Job: movement Sperm cells swim with their flagellum • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whiplike extension (very few)

• Job: movement Fertilized egg grows into a fetus • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whiplike extension (very few)

• Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) 9 months later… • Flagella = long whiplike extension (very few)

• Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) 14 years later… • Flagella = long whiplike extension (very few)

• Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) 4 years later… • Flagella = long whiplike extension (very few)

• Job: movement • Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous) • Flagella = long whiplike extension (very few)

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells plants fungi bacteria

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells • Job: Adds support for growth Cell wall Plasma membrane

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells • Job: Adds support for growth • Made of tough cellulose – Hard to digest • Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665

• Job: Perform photosynthesis chloroplasts Several dozen plant cells… lets zoom in

• Job: Perform photosynthesis Look for them flowing in the cytoplasm during our lab activity!

• Job: Perform photosynthesis • Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO 2 into sugars

• Job: Perform photosynthesis • Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO 2 into sugars • Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells • Evidence: – Own DNA and ribosomes – Make proteins – Replicate Chloroplast ancestor

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments • Plant cells: Large central vacuole

Central Vacuole • Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments • Plant cells: Large central vacuole Cytoplasmic streaming

vacuoles • Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments • Plant cells: Large central vacuole • Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments • Plant cells: Large central vacuole • Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

Kobe Kuiz 1) Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function. 2) Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. 3) Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. 4) List various reasons to help support theory of endosymbiosis. 5) Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not. 6) Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? 7) Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? 8) Which organelle creates ribosomes? 9) Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? 10)Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?