Organelles found in an animal cell Organelles found

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Organelles found in an animal cell

Organelles found in an animal cell

Organelles found in a plant cell

Organelles found in a plant cell

Prokaryotic cell – no membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cell – no membrane bound organelles

The nuclear envelope A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus It controls the entry

The nuclear envelope A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus It controls the entry and exit of materials. Its outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Nuclear pores Allow the passage of large molecules such as messenger RNA

Nuclear pores Allow the passage of large molecules such as messenger RNA

Nucleoplasm The granular jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus.

Nucleoplasm The granular jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus.

Chromatin This is the DNA found within the nucleoplasm.

Chromatin This is the DNA found within the nucleoplasm.

The nucleolus A small spherical body within the nucleoplasm. It manufactures ribosomes and ribosomal

The nucleolus A small spherical body within the nucleoplasm. It manufactures ribosomes and ribosomal RNA.

The functions of the nucleus

The functions of the nucleus

Involved in the production of m. RNA and hence protein synthesis.

Involved in the production of m. RNA and hence protein synthesis.

Retains genetic information in the form of DNA and chromosomes

Retains genetic information in the form of DNA and chromosomes

The mitochondrion (mitochondria)

The mitochondrion (mitochondria)

A double membrane surrounds the organelle, the outer one controls the entry and exit

A double membrane surrounds the organelle, the outer one controls the entry and exit of material. The inner membrane is folded to form extensions known as cristae.

Cristae are folds of the inner membrane which increase the surface area for respiration.

Cristae are folds of the inner membrane which increase the surface area for respiration.

The matrix is the semi rigid material containing proteins, lipids, and traces of DNA.

The matrix is the semi rigid material containing proteins, lipids, and traces of DNA.

Mitochondria are the site of respiration, this forms ATP, (an energy carrying molecule).

Mitochondria are the site of respiration, this forms ATP, (an energy carrying molecule).

Lysosomes

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are vesicles containing digestive enzymes, formed by the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes are vesicles containing digestive enzymes, formed by the Golgi apparatus.

Functions of lysosomes

Functions of lysosomes

Break down material ingested by phagocytic cells.

Break down material ingested by phagocytic cells.

Release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis)

Release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis)

Digest worn out organelles

Digest worn out organelles

Completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)

Completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes have two sub units -one large and one small.

Ribosomes have two sub units -one large and one small.

Ribosomes are where protein synthesis happens.

Ribosomes are where protein synthesis happens.

There are two types of ribosomes, 80 S and 70 S. 80 S found

There are two types of ribosomes, 80 S and 70 S. 80 S found in eukaryotic cells – 25 nm in diameter 70 S found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts they are slightly smaller

Endoplasmic reticulum • The ER is a system of sheet-like membranes that spread throughout

Endoplasmic reticulum • The ER is a system of sheet-like membranes that spread throughout the cytoplasm. • It is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. • There are two types of ER.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ER (RER) has ribosomes present on the outer surfaces of the membranes. Its

Rough ER (RER) has ribosomes present on the outer surfaces of the membranes. Its function is to: • Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins • Provide a pathway for the transport of materials, especially proteins throughout the cell

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Smooth ER (SER) Lacks ribosomes on its surface and is more tubular in appearance.

Smooth ER (SER) Lacks ribosomes on its surface and is more tubular in appearance. Its functions are to: • Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates.

Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)

Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)

Functions of the Golgi body

Functions of the Golgi body

Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

Produce secretory enzymes

Produce secretory enzymes

Secrete carbohydrates e. g. those used to form the cell wall in plants

Secrete carbohydrates e. g. those used to form the cell wall in plants

Transport, modify and store lipids

Transport, modify and store lipids

Form lysosomes

Form lysosomes

Vesicles are sacs of membrane that bud off of the endomembrane system. They transport

Vesicles are sacs of membrane that bud off of the endomembrane system. They transport molecules such as proteins, large molecules that cannot pass through membranes, chemicals, and wastes. Vesicles are constantforming structures that are made by the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and parts of the plasma membrane.

Chloroplasts • Where photosynthesis happens • Double membrane • Grana – stacks of thylakoids

Chloroplasts • Where photosynthesis happens • Double membrane • Grana – stacks of thylakoids – where chlorophyll is found (1 st stage of photosynthesis). • Stroma – fluid filled (2 nd stage of photosynthesis)

Vacuoles

Vacuoles

Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and

Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination.

Cell wall The cell wall is a tough, rigid layer that surrounds some types

Cell wall The cell wall is a tough, rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. A cell wall is a characteristic feature of plant cells, bacteria and fungi.

Plant cell wall It is not a part of the cell itself, but instead

Plant cell wall It is not a part of the cell itself, but instead serves as protection and support to the cell. Cell walls are made of a substance called cellulose which is very light and causes the wall to become rigid. Function: The cell wall is not only used for support, but it gives the cell its shape which, overall, gives the plant itself its shape. When a plant gets water, the cells swell and push against the cell walls causing the plant not to droop.

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic – they do not have a nucleus. They have a

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic – they do not have a nucleus. They have a number of structures that are not found animal or plant cells. These include ………….

Flagella (sing. flagellum) Used for locomotion

Flagella (sing. flagellum) Used for locomotion

Nucleoid The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of

Nucleoid The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Plasmid A small circular piece of DNA which is separate from the main DNA

Plasmid A small circular piece of DNA which is separate from the main DNA of the bacterium. It may carry other genes suc as those for antibiotic resistance

Mesosome An invagination (folding in) of the membrane. It may carry out functions such

Mesosome An invagination (folding in) of the membrane. It may carry out functions such as those involved in DNA replication and cell replication.

Pili are hollow, hairlike structures made of protein which allow bacteria to attach to

Pili are hollow, hairlike structures made of protein which allow bacteria to attach to other cells. A specialized pilus, the sex pilus, allows the transfer of plasmid DNA from one bacterial cell to another (sing. , pilus).

Slime capsule A layer around some bacteria that help them to stick to surfaces

Slime capsule A layer around some bacteria that help them to stick to surfaces and avoid being killed by a host’s immune defences.