Organ Systems Human vs Other Vertebrate Organ Systems

Organ Systems Human vs. Other Vertebrate Organ Systems How do you think Human organ systems differ from animal organ systems? How are many organ systems alike? How might they be different? What all is defined as a organ system?

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task Organ Systems

• • • Circulatory Respiratory Skeletal Digestive Excretory Reproductive Nervous Endocrine Integumentary Muscular Types of Organ Systems

Living things are made of cells Cells are organized together to make tissues Tissues are organized together to make organs Organs are organized together to make organ systems What makes up an Organ System?

Organ Systems Select an Organ System to Learn More!

Part I: The Circulatory System

The Function of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is to: • transport blood through the heart, blood vessels and lungs. • Helps move digested nutrients, oxygen, waste, and other materials around the body. Circulatory System

• YOU have about 5 liters of blood continually traveling through your body? DID YOU KNOW? • The circulatory system has 3 parts: 1 - systemic 2 - coronary 3 - pulmonary Circulatory System

• Pulmonary Circulation the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again! Pulmonary Circulation

• Take a breath in. What did you just inhale into your lungs? • Breathe out. What did you just exhale from your lungs? • The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place in the lung capillaries. Pulmonary Circulation

• Systemic Circulation supplies blood to all of the tissues located throughout the rest of the body. • Blood vessels are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue. Systemic Circulation

• Coronary Circulation is the movement of blood through the tissues of the heart. • The heart is constantly sending out nutrients to other parts of the body. The purpose of the coronary system is to supply nutrients back to the heart! Coronary Circulation

Pump It Up!

• Amphibians have two circulatory routes (double circulation). • Blood is pumped from a threechambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle. • Blood is oxygenated through the lungs and skin • Oxygenated blood is taken to rest of the body. Circulatory System

• Reptiles have two circulatory routes (double circulation). • Blood is only oxygenated through the lungs. • Three chambered heart with the ventricles partially separated so some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs. Circulatory System

• Fish have a single systemic circulatory system. • Blood flows unidirectionally from the two-chambered heart through the gills and then to the rest of the body Circulatory System

Part II: The Respiratory System

Respiration Animation

• The function of the respiratory system is to supply your blood with oxygen. • You breathe in oxygen and your lungs give that oxygen to your blood. Respiratory System

Major Components of the Respiratory System: • • Mouth Cavity Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Diaphragm

The Pathway 1. Air enters the nasal or mouth cavity. 2. Air passes through the pharynx 1 3. and then the larynx. 4. Then the air goes through the “wind pipe” called the trachea. 5. Then the air goes into the lungs. Respiratory System 3 2 4 5

• The diaphragm is the muscle that powers the respiratory system; this muscle allows your to breathe. • As you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and creates a vacuum. This sucks air and oxygen into your lungs. • As you breathe out, the diaphragm expands and pushes the carbon dioxide out. Respiratory System

• Bronchi are the two short tubes that carry air to the lungs. • In the lungs, Alveoli are tiny, multi lobed air sacs located at the end of each bronchi. • Alveoli enable air exchange with the equally thin walled capillaries of the circulatory system. Respiratory System

Amphibian Lungs are the internal respiratory organs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Bird Lungs Mammal Lungs Respiratory System

• Gas exchange in birds happens between air and blood capillaries rather than in alveoli. • Birds lack a diaphragm, but have air sacs. Bird Respiration

• Amphibians’ lungs, lining of mouth, and skin all serve as respiratory organs Amphibian Respiration

• Fish have gills instead of lungs • Oxygen is removed from the water Fish Respiration

• Reptiles lack a diaphragm, but gas exchange still happens in the alveoli. • Horses can only breathe through their noses! • Elephants can remain underwater for a long time while using their trunk as a snorkel! Other Unique Respiratory Actions

Part III: The Skeletal System

• The functions of the skeletal system are: support, protection, movement, storage, and blood production. • The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The Skeletal System

• Bone- hard, rigid connective tissue making up most of the skeleton, composed chiefly of calcium • Provide the framework for muscles to attach to allow movement. • Protect internal organs The Skeletal System

What’s in a bone? • Outer layer is compact (hard) bone • Very dense and strong • Inside is spongy bone which is like a honeycomb. • Contains bone marrow which produces blood cells (red) or fat (yellow).

• Cartilage- tough, elastic connective tissue cushioning and supporting bones • Much converted to bone as an organism matures The Skeletal System

• Ligaments- tissue that connects bone to bone • Tendons- tissue that connects bone to muscle The Skeletal System

• Joints - area where two bones are attached and allow body parts to move The Skeletal System

Skeleton Rap!

Other Types of Skeletal Systems

• Bird bones are typically lighter in weight than human bones. • Type of locomotion accounts for many differences in long bone anatomy between species • The tibia and fibula are separated in humans, but are often fused in other species. • Carnivores have larger canine teeth Differences in Vertebrates

Part IV: The Digestive System

• The functions of the digestive system are to breakdown food into nutrients, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. • There’s about 30 feet of pipework that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus. Digestive System

Digestion Animation

Major Components of the Digestive System: • • Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum & Anus

The Pathway 1. Food enters the mouth where it broken down via chewing and saliva. 2. Food is pushed through the esophagus by peristalsis. 3. The stomach continues to break down food through muscular contractions and production of acid. 4. Food (now called chyme) then enters the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the blood by villi. 5. Next, the food goes into the large intestine where water is absorbed. 6. Lastly, the food exits the body through the anus. 1 Digestive System 2 4 3 5 6

Types of Digestion • Mechanical digestion - physical breakdown of food • Chewing and muscular contractions • Chemical digestion - chemical breakdown of food into nutrients small enough to be absorbed into the blood via enzymes • Saliva, stomach acid, bile Digestive System

Accessory Organs • Liver • Produces bile, which breaks down fats • Removes wastes and toxins from the body • Breaks down nutrients and stores some vitamins and minerals Digestive System

Accessory Organs • Gallbladder • Stores bile • Releases as needed into the small intestine Digestive System

Accessory Organs • Pancreas • Produces a mix of enzymes called pancreatic juice. • Helps neutralize the acidic chyme when it enters the small intestine. • Helps to digest protiens, fats, and carbohydrates. Digestive System

Absorption of Nutrients • Occurs primarily in the small intestine • Inner wall is covered in folds with microscopic finger-like projections called villi • Increases surface area and absorption capability • Contain capillaries and lymph vessels (lacteals) • Nutrients enter the capillaries/lacteals by diffusion Digestive System

Absorption of Nutrients

Differences in digestive systems • Humans have monogastric (simple stomach) digestive systems. • Other monogastrics include: • Cats • Dogs • Pigs

Differences in digestive systems • Ruminants acquire nutrients from plants by fermenting (via bacteria) them in a specialized stomach (rumen) prior to digestion • Requires the fermented ingesta (cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again (rumination). • The ruminant stomach has 4 chambers! Ruminant Stomach 3 4 2 1

Ruminant Animation

Part V: The Excretory System

• The function of the excretory system is to remove excess, unnecessary, and harmful materials from the body. • The excretory system helps maintain homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. Excretory System

• Kidney – bean shaped, fistsized, paired organ that filters blood removing waste products and excess water • Filtering unit is the nephron • Kidneys filter 120 to 150 quarts of blood producing 1 to 2 quarts of urine • People can live with one kidney Major organ

• Blood travels through the arteries to the kidneys to be filtered • The product of filtration is urine • Urine travels through the ureters to the bladder. • The bladder expands as more liquid is stored. • Urine exits the body through the urethra. Excretory System

Excretory System Explained

• Skin – secrete some fluids and salts, but role in excretory system is minimal • Lungs – excretes carbon dioxide waste • Liver - detoxifies and breaks down chemicals, poisons, and other toxins which are then filtered by the kidneys Accessory Organs

• Insects have Malpighian tubules, which are attached to the gut. • Wastes are removed with feces and water is conserved • Fish – remove some wastes through gills • Produce large amounts of dilute urine to prevent continuous uptake of water from the environment • Marine animals – have specialized eye glands that remove salt • Extremely efficient kidneys prevent excess water loss Other Excretory Systems

Part VI: The Reproductive System

All living things reproduce. Reproduction is the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process. Reproduction is essential to keeping species alive. Reproductive System

• Both the female and male reproductive systems are needed. The female needs a male to fertilize her egg or nothing would happen! • In the human reproduction process we have two kinds of sex cells that are involved: • The male gamete or sperm • The female gamete or egg Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation Reproduction

• Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the body, the male has reproductive organs that are both inside and outside of the body. • The male genitals include: • • The Testes The Duct System The Accessory Glands The Penis Male Reproductive System Genitals: external organs of reproduction

• Males cannot reproduce until they have reached puberty • When puberty begins, around the ages of 10 -16, the pituitary gland secretes hormones to stimulate testosterone. the endocrine System produces the hormones! So, what does the male reproductive system do?

• Once a male does reach puberty, he will produce millions of sperm cells every day. • Each sperm is about 1/600 of an inch • The head of the sperm is what contains the genetic materials. Male Reproduction

• Female sex organs are located entirely within the body. • The female genitals include: • • • Vagina Cervix Uterus Fallopian Tubes Ovaries Female Reproductive System

The vagina serves three main purposes: • The vagina is used for sexual intercourse • It is the pathway that a infant takes when coming out of a woman's body, called the birth canal • It provides a route for menstrual blood to leave the body Female Reproductive System

• When a girl is born, her ovaries contain hundreds of thousands of eggs which remain inactive until puberty begins. At puberty, the body starts making hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones, including estrogen. • Near the end of puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of the monthly menstrual cycle. Female Reproductive Cycle

Did you know? ? about after 8 weeks of fertilization the embryo (YOU!) is about the size of a thumb. • When the egg and sperm meet, fertilization can occur. It only takes one sperm to fertilize the egg. Fertilization is the union of a egg and a sperm What is Fertilization?

• External Fertilization is used by many aquatic vertebrates. • This is where eggs and sperms are shed into the water and the sperm swims through the water to fertilize the egg • Internal Fertilization is where eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female. Fertilization

Part VII: The Nervous System

The function of the nervous system is to coordinate the actions of an animal. • This organ system contains a network of specialized cells called neurons • In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, the central and peripheral nervous systems. Nervous System

• Contains the brain and spinal cord • Body’s control center • Processes sensory input • Maintains homeostasis • Higher functions: language, emotions, memories, creativity, personality Central Nervous System

• Consists of cranial and spinal nerves • Divided into Somatic and Autonomic • Somatic – voluntary actions (skeletal muscles) • Autonomic – involuntary actions (respiration, digestion, circulation, etc…) Peripheral Nervous System

Dendrites bring information to the cell body Axons take information away from the cell body NE UR ON Neurons Information from one neuron flows to another neuron across a synapse

• Sensory receives and sends signals to central nervous system (CNS) • Motor sends signals to effectors (muscles & glands) causes reaction • Interneuron within the CNS, relays messages between sensory and motor neurons Neuron Types

1. Stimulus received by sensory neurons 2. Decision by the interneurons (relay neurons) 3. Response by the motor neurons (resulting action) Reflex Arc Animation and Quiz Reflex Arc

• Sponges have no nervous system. • Organisms with radial symmetry (jellyfish, starfish, sea urchins, corals) have a nerve net and no brain • Flatworms have two spinal cords Species Differences

Part VIII: The Endocrine System

• Regulates body functions through a collection of glands which produce hormones. • Metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc… Endocrine System

• Gland - group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones • Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenal Glands • Pineal Body • Reproductive Glands of the Endocrine System

• Chemical messengers • Travel from glands into the blood stream to target cells • Have receptors for specific hormones so each communicates only with those hormones Hormones

• A process in which a system is turned off by the condition it produces Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

Part IX: The Integumentary System

• The largest organ system in your body! • Functions: • Protect internal organs • Regulate body temperature • Rid the body of waste • Maintain water balance • Sense the environment Integumentary System

Layers of the Integumentary System

• Tough, protective outer layer • Made of 4 layers of cells • Completely replaced every 28 days • Melanocytes - produce melanin • Produces skin color; the more melanin, the darker the skin • Sunlight increases melanin production • Tanning & freckles Epidermis

• Made up of blood vessels, nerve endings, and connective tissue • Collagen & elastin – allows skin to stretch & reposition • Sebaceous glands – near hair follicles & pores, produce oil to lubricate skin & hair • Acne Dermis

• Made up of connective tissue, sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat (adipose tissue) • Protects from injury • Maintains temperature Subcutaneous/hypodermis

• Made up of keratin • Hair provides warmth & protection • Nails reinforce and protect digits • Used for scraping and manipulating objects Hair and Nails

• Epidermal extensions include: feathers, scales, claws, antlers/horns, and hooves • Glands may produce: mucus (lubrication for aquatic animals), toxins, odors, LIGHT (deep-sea fish) • Pigment: chromatophores in fish, amphibians, and reptiles allow for rapid color change to adapt to various backgrounds Species Differences

Part X: The Muscular System

• Provides movement, balance, posture, and heat • 700 muscles in the body & make up ½ a person’s weight • The only tissue that can contract Muscular System

• Muscles contract or relax • Must work in pairs to move the body • Muscle Animation How Muscles work

Types of Muscle

• Found in digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, respiratory organs and uterus • Propels substances through the body • Involuntary - works automatically; controlled by the nervous system • Tires slowly Smooth

• Found in the heart • Pumps blood • Striated cells – light and dark stripes • Indicator of muscle strength • Involuntary • Never tires Cardiac Muscle

• Attached to bones • Hold skeleton together, provide movement, give body shape • Striated • Voluntary – we control • Tire easily Skeletal Muscle

• Speed of action • Trap jaw ants snap their jaws 2300 times faster than the blink of an eye • Range of length • Chameleons’ tongues can shorten to 1/6 of it’s extended length Species Differences