Organ System Overview Integumentary Skin external covering Synth

Organ System Overview • Integumentary = Skin • external covering, Synth. Vit. D • Skeletal = bones, jnts, cartilage • Blood cell formation, mineral storage, protects/supports, muscle attach Figure 1. 2 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 4

Organ System Overview • Muscular: movemnt, posture, heat • Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, Nerves(neurons) • Fast acting control system • Endocrine: Secretes hormones • Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands Figure 1. 2 c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 6

• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels. • -Transports materials via blood: nutrients O 2, CO 2 • Lymphatic: Lymph nodes/vessels; Immunity • Respiratory: Lungs, trachea; provide O 2, remove CO 2

• Digestive: esophagus, intestines, mouth. Break down food. • Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder. Eliminate wastes • Reproduction: Sex organs. Making babies.

Homeostasis • Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions • Homeostatic imbalance = disturbance in homeostasis results in disease/illness

Negative feedback • Acts to Decrease original stimulus • Blood sugar high…body release insulin, insulin causes cells to up-take sugar(decrease blood sugar) • Cold…. Body responds by shivering to produce heat…. Heat generated decrease cold feeling • Thirsty…body/brain respond by drinking water (decreases thirst)

Positive feedback • Increase original stimulus • Birth- contractions put pressure on cervix, pressure sends signals to brain to release oxtocin, oxytocin increases strength of contractions…increases pressure, more oxytocin released…. • Monkey drug trials- takes drug, gets “high”…feeling makes monkey take more drug…gets “higher”…take more drug….

Body Landmarks • Anterior Figure 1. 5 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 24

Body Landmarks • Posterior Figure 1. 5 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 25

• Anterior/posterior = front/back • Proximal/distal = closer to pnt of appendage’s attachment to trunk/farther • Inferior/superior = below/above • Deep/superficial = innermost/toward surface

Body Planes Figure 1. 6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 26

Body Cavities Figure 1. 7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 27

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1. 8 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 28

Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1. 8 b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 29

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1. 8 c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1. 30

Cell organelles • Mitochondria = “powerhouse of cell”, make energy(ATP) • Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway of cell”, transports materials throughout cell. Rough=ribosomes attached Smooth=no ribosomes Ribosomes – make proteins • Golgi body – “Fed. Ex of cell”, modifies & packages proteins for delivery

Cell organelles • Nucleus – Control center of cell, contains DNA • Nucleolus = inside nucleus, Makes ribosomes • Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes • Cytosol – gel-like fluid in cytoplasm • t. RNA – ribosomes helper, brings Amino Acids to ribosome for bldg. of protein. • m. RNA – carries “Message” of DNA (inside nucleus) to ribosomes (in cytoplasm)

Cell organelles • Microvilli – Finger-like projections on cell surface to increase area for absorption(ex. Cells lining digestive tract) • Cillia – short Hair- like projections that move substances across the cell (Ex. On cells lining digestive tract) • Flagellum – whip-like structure used to propel cell (ex. Sperm cells)

Plasma membrane Hydro_Phillic Hydro__phobic Stabilizes/stiffens plasma membrane

Mitosis • P rophase – centrioles move to Poles • M etaphase – chromosomes lineup in Middle • A naphase – Chromosomes pull Apart • T elophase – Two cells form/cleavage furrow

Cell Transport • Passive = no energy • Diffusion – movement of mlcles from high to low • Osmosis – “Diffusion” of Water!

• Active = energy needed • Occurs if particles too big to diffuse through plasma membrane • Or needed to go against concentration gradient • Endocytosis – cell engulfs particle (Take IN) • Exocytosis – cell exports particle

Tissue • Stratified squamous = areas of high abrasion; mouth/throat, skin • Simple Squamous= single, flattened cell layer; good for diffusion: lining lungs/capillaries

Muscle Characteristics • Skeletal = Voluntary, striated, found in skeletal muscles • Smooth = Involuntary, spindle-shaped, in walls of Blood vessels. • Cardiac = Involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs (gaps btwn cells that increase signal transmission). Found in Heart tissue.

Functions of Bones · Support of the body · Protection of soft organs · Movement due to attached skeletal muscles · Storage of minerals and fats · Blood cell formation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5. 2

Classification of Bones 1. Long – longer than wide, shaft w/heads at both ends. 2. Short – generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone(carpals of wrist/tarsals of ankle) 3. Flat – thin, flat and usually curved (skull, ribs sternum) 4. Irregular – doesn’t fit in other categories. (Vertebrae)

Red marrow: in adults spongy ends of long bones (site of red blood cell formation) Yellow marrow- mostly fat Epiphyseal plate=actively dividing cartilage in child, site of bone growth

Osteoclast= Bone destroying cells Osteo. Blasts= Bone Building cells Stages of Bone fracture repair

Axial skeleton = skull, vertebral column, bony thorax Appendicular Skeleton = Bones of Appendages

Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5

#17, 18 Axial skeleton = skull, vertebrae, bony thorax

• Gender Differences of the Pelvis 1. Flared Illium in females 2. Pubic Arch WIDER in Females! 3. Pelvic opening larger (& rounder) in Females! Figure 5. 23 c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5. 39

Bones of shoulder/hip girdle

Joints/movements • • • Hinge = elbow Ball & socket = hip/shoulder Gliding(Planes) = Knee/carpals Pivot = atlas/axis of cervical vertebrae Saddle = thumb(only ex. In human body)

• Abduction = take body part AWAY from midline • Adduction = “ADD” back into midline • Supination= palm up • Pronation = palm down • Flexion=decrease angle btwn 2 bones • Extension=increases ………

• • • Circumduction= move part in circle Inversion = sole of foot inwards Eversion = sole of foot outwards Dorsiflexion = toes toward shin Plantar. Flexion = toes pointed