Order of Classification z Each kingdom is split

Order of Classification z Each kingdom (界) is split into smaller groups called phyla(門) (or called division in plants). Each phylum is further split into class (綱), order(目), family(科), genus (屬) and species (種) and so on. z. Such gradual division are listed below: Kingdom Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species

Diversity of Organisms z. Species (物種/種) - a group of similar organisms that can interbreed with one another (互相交配) to produce fertile offsprings (具生殖力的後代).

The Binomial system of nomenclature (雙名法) Scientific name consists of two parts: Genus (屬) name + species (種) name e. g. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens Zea mays or Zea mays

Five kingdoms (界) z. Kingdom Prokaryotae (原核生物界) z Kingdom Protoctista (原生生物界) z Kingdom Fungi (真菌界) z Kingdom Plantae (植物界) z Kingdom animalia (動物界) z Eukaryotae z (真核生物)

Phylogenetic relationships (演化關係) z phylogeny (種系發生) z common ancestor different group of organisms z (共同祖先) (不同組別的生物)

Kingdom Prokaryotae (原核生物界)

Rod shaped bacterium (Bacillus) e. g. E. coli (大腸杆菌) z. Spherical (球), rod-shaped (桿), helical z(螺旋) zcovered by slime layer / capsule (莢膜) z. Cell wall is made of protein (蛋白質) and carbohydrate (碳水化合物) - peptidoglycan) (�聚糖) z. Circular (環形) DNA z. Ribosome (核糖體) – for protein synthesis (用作合成蛋白質)

Rod shaped bacterium (Bacillus) e. g. E. coli (大腸杆菌) z. Mesosome (間體) – for r______ to provide z energy z. Flagellum (鞭毛) – for locomotion 移動

Prokaryotae - VS Eukaryotae no distinct nucleus / no - distinct nucleus / with nuclear membrane (沒有定形的細胞核 / 沒有核 膜) - single circular DNA in cytoplasm (遺傳物質為環形 DNA，位於細胞質內) -chromosome present -(遺傳物質為染色體) -membranous organelles absent (沒有膜狀的細胞器) - membranous organelles present -infolding of cell membrane _____ for respiration forms mesosomes for (有 _____用於細胞呼 respiration (細胞膜向內陷 吸作用放出能量) -而成間體，用於細胞呼吸作用 放出能量)

Eukaryotae (真核生物) Protoctista (原生生物界) Fungi (真菌界) Plantae (植物界) Animalia (動物界)

Protoctista – Algae (藻) z. Notes P. 3 z- body photosynthetic thallus (葉狀體) z-unicellular (單細胞), filamentous (絲狀的), z colonial (群體的), thalloid (葉狀體) forms z- aquatic (水生) z- classification: based on colour of z pigments (色素的顏色)

Green algae – Spirogyra (水綿絲) Unicellular green algae

Spirogyra (水綿絲)

Green algae – Chlamydomonas 綠球藻 flagellum (鞭毛) Chloroplast (葉綠體)

Brown algae / Red algae

Algae z. Producers zin sea

Fucus – a brown alga (褐藻) Øfound in intertidal zone (潮間帶) and on a Ø rocky shore (岩岸) Øcontain brown pigment (fucoxanthin, 岩藻黃素) ØThallus (葉狀體) differentiated into holdfast (固着器), stipe (柄) and thallus (葉狀體) ØAir bladders (氣囊) – for buoyancy (浮在水面) ØThallus – flattened (扁平) , provides larger Ø surface area for photosynthesis ØHoldfast – to attach (依附)to a substratum (基層) ØLeathery and flexible body (堅韌而柔軟的身體)

Brown alga - Fucus

Red tide – dinoflagellates zwww. hkredtide. org

Protozoa (原生生物) ØUnicelluar, microscopic (animal) ØNo chlorophyll _____ ØNo tissues or organs ØFree-living, some are parasitic (寄生) e. g Amoeba Paramecium ( 草履蟲) Plasmodium (瘧原蟲)

Protozoa - unicellular

Paramecium (草履蟲) z P. 8 (chinese) z Cilia (纖毛) – beating (顫動) for locomotion z Plasma membrane (細胞膜) – tough 堅韌 z Meganucleus (大核) – control sexual reproduction (控制有性繁殖) z Micronucleus (小核) z Contractile vacuole (伸縮泡) – z for osmoregulation (滲透調節) z Oral groove (口溝) z Cytostome (胞咽)

Kingdom Fungi (真菌界) z Fungi y. Eukaryotic y. Do not have roots, stems or leaves. y. No chlorophyll present heterotrophic y saprophytic (腐生), parasitic (寄生), mutualistic (互利共生) y hyphae (菌絲) mycelium (菌絲體) y store food as glycogen (糖原) yreproduce by spore (孢子)

Bread mould (麵包黴)

Mushroom (菇) z Fungi

Economic important of fungi 1. Decomposition of organic material in sewage and soil D_______ (分解污水及泥土內的有機物 2. Production of antibiotics (抗生素) penicillin (青黴素) aspirin (阿士匹靈) 3. Production of alcohol (酒精) 4. Production of food 5. Mushroom are edible (可供食用) 6. For experimental use

Harmful fungi 1. Saprophytic fungi cause decomposition of stored food (food spoilage 食物腐爛) and natural materials (天然物質) 2. Parasitic fungi cause diseases (疾病) in plants and animals. economic loss (經濟損失)