OPTION E E 3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Behavior – an animal’s response to stimuli in its environment capacity for behavior is Learning involves persistent changes in behavior that result from experience Most behavior is Behavioral Natural ecology ( ) is the study of selection tends to favor behaviors that contribute to the survival of an animal allowing it to pass its genes to its offspring

Behavior depends on the interaction of genes and environmental factors All behavior has a genetic basis, the capacity to learn is inherited Behavior involves all body systems, but depends primarily on

Behaviors are influenced by the human baby cannot walk until muscles and neurons are sufficiently developed) Behaviors are influenced by a young sparrow is hatched with a rough genetic pattern of its song but requires social interaction and listening to adult males to develop its ability to sing its specific song)

E 3. 1 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR. Innate Behavior Instinctive – ______ based Not modified by the individual _____ through population Unaffected by environment __________ are may be product of natural selection e. g. suckling in newborns _____ of blackcaps hunting instinct Learned Behavior Based on ______ Modified by trial and error _____ within population Affected by environment _________ product of natural selection e. g. _____ response to predators

INNATE BEHAVIOR Many behaviors depend on gazelles) (example – walking in newborn Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) –

INNATE BEHAVIOR Example: Egg-rolling in European graylag goose – when an egg is removed from nest and placed in front of goose, she will reach out with her neck and roll egg back into nest. If egg is quickly removed during egg-rolling, goose will continue head and neck movements even though egg is gone

INNATE BEHAVIOR • FAPs can be triggered by a – a simple signal that o ex: male stickleback fish aggressive response to red stripe Male will ignore the realistic looking fish with no stripe but attack the blobs with red bellies

LEARNED BEHAVIOR Animals learn from experience – Learning is a change in behavior due to experience Habituation – ex: pigeons in a city park learn by repeated harmless encounters that humans are not dangerous and don’t waste energy constantly flying away

LEARNED BEHAVIOR Imprinting – newly hatched birds imprint on the first moving object (even a human or inanimate object) – usually object is their mother Process of imprinting is genetically determined but the bird learns to respond to a particular animal or object

Konrad geese: He Lorenz demonstrated imprinting in graylag divided a batch of eggs into two groups: 1. One group was reared normally by the mother and showed normal behavior (following mother around for food, shelter and protection) 2. The other batch was isolated from mother and hatched in an incubator Goslings spent the first few hours after hatching with Lorenz Imprinting occurred and gosling treated Lorenz as their mother These goslings became socially dysfunctional in adult life – they continued to prefer Lorenz to other geese and even attempted to mate with humans

E 3. 2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER TAX A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. Plural, IS _____ An innate ______ movement _____ (positive) or ________ (negative) some stimulus.

E 3. 2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHERTAX A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. IS ______ are model species for innate behavior studies: ex: positive _____ = move toward warmer areas of water positive _____ = move toward acids released by bacteria (their food) negative _____ = avoid high concentrations of harmful chemicals

E 3. 2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER KINESI A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. Plural, S ____ An innate _______ movement in response to a stimulus. May be merely starting or stopping, changing _____, or _____ more or less frequently. Animals do not move toward or away from specific conditions, but since they slow down in a favorable environment, they tend to stay there

E 3. 2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, KINESI INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. S ________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber) ___________ altered as response to stimulus ______ of testing chamber is adjusted and behavior is measured Floor of chamber has ______ Movement is video recorded for _________

E 3. 2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, KINESI INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. S Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber) Video played back, with ___________ counted as movement in the time period ___________ calculated as number of squares crossed per second (mean of six runs)

E 3. 2 DESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, KINESI INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. S ________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber) ________ altered as response to stimulus Same as orthokinesis, but with _______ per unit time as the basis for calculation

E 3. 3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION. In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a choice chamber test. One chamber contained _______ filter paper, the other _____.

E 3. 3 ANALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION. In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs is to the _____ chamber. When the experiment is repeated, results are consistent. Those innate behaviors that are ____ (such as finding moisture) give an individual a ____ and ______ advantage. As innate behaviors are genetic, they are _______, and proliferate in the population.

E 3. 4 DISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CAN IMPROVE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL. § Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as _____. They develop by _________ and thus are suited to better adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they increase an animal’s chances for survival. § Learned behaviors develop as a result of _____. They enable animals to _____ their behaviors in response to changing environmental conditions. This increases the chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns. While learned behavior itself is not passed on through genetics, the __________ may be. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cpg. CQj-sgqk&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. XQAgzfwu. NQ The intelligence of crow http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nh 9 XL 08 Akwc Chimpanzee tool use

E 3. 5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

E 3. 5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS. __________ is a method of associative learning. Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to ___________ to a stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the behavior. Classical conditioning results in an __________ to a stimulus (e. g. a bell ring)

E 3. 5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

E 3. 5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS. ___________ - automatic response to a stimulus (i. e. food causes salivation) ____________ - does not elicit response (i. e. bell does not cause salivation) ____________ - neutral and unconditioned stimuli applied together (i. e. dog associates bell with food, and salivates) _______________________ - Ringing the bell results in salivation, even without food present.

E 3. 5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS. ___________ is another conditioning method proposed by BF Skinner ____________: Reward desired behavior Ex: A rat is placed in a cage with a moveable bar. Random actions of rat result in it pressing the bar & rat receives food. Rat learns the association between pressing bar and obtaining food.

E 3. 5 OUTLINE PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS. : Reward a desired behavior by taking away a negative stimulus Ex: Electric shock in floor is turned off by rat hitting lever. Random actions of rat lead rat to hit lever, turning off shock. Rat learns to hit lever right away.

OTHER LEARNED BEHAVIORS Insight learning – Most – seen in primates and some birds and other mammals also known as “ ” Playing – many young animals “play”, which

E 3. 6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS. Birdsong is a strong indicator of ___________. Birdsong development is due to both _____ and ______ behavior. This leads to __________ – usually the female selects mates based on their perceived levels of reproductive fitness. The basis of much birdsong is ______, though needs to be refined with learning. Example: ________ ability to mimic any sound in its environment http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vj. E 0 Kdfos 4 Y The amazing lyre bird

E 3. 6 OUTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS. Bird usually hatch with a ______ that prevents them from learning from the wrong species. _______ takes place in the sensitive period early in the development (_____ learning). By listening and practicing the calls of the adult birds, the chick modifies its song to “______”. One reason why captive birds are not reproductively successful in the wild is that they __________ with the correct mature song.