Optinen verkkotekniikka TKK 9 4 2002 S38 164

Optinen verkkotekniikka TKK, 9. 4. 2002 S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka kevät 2002 Jaakko Aarnio Nokia Research Center jaakko. aarnio@nokia. com S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Yhteenveto Internet- ja multimedialiikenteen huima kasvu on johtaa siihen, että dataliikenne syrjäyttää perinteisen puhelinliikenteen hallitsevan roolin tietoliikenneverkojen liketoiminnassa. Kaistanleveysvaatimukset tulevat sen myötä kasvamaan suuresti lähitulevaisuudessa syntyy akuutti tarve paljon suurempiin siirto ja kytkentänopeuksiin kuin mitä nykyiset ATM - ja SDH-verkot pystyvät tarjoamaan. Se edellyttää mm. uusien optisten järjestelmien käyttöönottoa verkkojen infrastruktuurissa. Yksimuotokuidun kapasiteetin voidaan arvioida olevan noin 50 terabittiä sekunnissa (Tbps), joka on noin neljä kertaluokkaa suurempi kuin elektroniikan nopeus. Kuidun kapasiteettia pyritään hyödyntämään yhä paremmilla transmissiotekniikoilla, optisella kytkentäisyydellä ja kuidun alkuinvestointien jakamisella monipalvelu-tilaajaverkoissa. Aallonpituusmultipleksointi (wavelength division multiplexing, WDM) on yksi keino hyödyntää kuidun kapasiteettia, missä loppukäyttäjän laitteet toimivat vain sähköisellä nopeudella, mutta useat eri loppukäyttäjien WDM-kanavat voidaan multipleksoida samaan kuituun. Lähitulevaisuudessa odotetaan asteittaista siirtymistä optisten ratkaisujen käyttöön myös tilaajaverkoissa (kiinteät ja langattomat verkkoratkaisut). Tämä esitys on katsaus optisten ratkaisujen kehityksestä data- ja tietoliikenneverkoissa. "IST -road map for optics communications, 2001" on liitetty myös mukaan. S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Content • • • Need for optical networking Basic technologies Optical networking in – – • • core/metro solutions access for fixed and wireless solutions Technology roadmap Standardization S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Need for optical networking • • User and service requirements • see also internet indicators: Increasing traffic volumes http: //www. internetindicators. com/ S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Market evolution for Fiber Networks Cumulative Market size Access wave Metro wave Core wave 1990 1995 2000 S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: 2005 2010

Internet economy and carriers' earnings Revenues in Billions of US dollars Global internet commerce revenue since 1998 >216 Billion US Dollars (March 26, 2001) ref: http: //www. internetindicators. com/facts. html • The Internet Infrastructure Indicator • The Internet Applications Infrastructure Indicator • The Internet Intermediary Indicator • The Internet Commerce Indicator Carriers earn best on voice: Source: Datamonitor 1999 S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

User and Service Requirements 64 kb/s 100 kb/s 1 Mb/s Response time (ms) 10000 10 Mb/s 100 Mb/s 1 Gb/s D F G E 100 C A 10 A. POTS B. Videoconferencing (low quality) C. Videoconferencing (high quality) D. Teleworking E. Telelearning F. Information exchange including and retrieval Internet G. Entertainment B 1 102 103 104 105 106 107 Information content (bits) S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: 108 109 Source: Heinrich Hertz Institute

Evolution of Transport Technology Ref: D. T. Neilson & al. : 35, 8 Tbps (320 Gbps, 112*112 ports) MOEMS based OXC demonstrated at OFC 2000, PD 12 WDM ity r a ul SDH n PDH sw itc h a gr ty i c nk c a p a li Historical traffic increase by a factor of 30 -60 at each step. 100000 1000 10 1 0. 01 Teleph Mbit/s (source: ACTS/Horizon)

Some Basics (Fiber attenuation) By elimination of water peak attenuation, total usable bandwidth in fiber has been increased to some 45 THz (+50%), including L-band (1560 -1600 nm) as 4 th window (not shown in Fig. ). 30 THz Usable Bandwidth Loss 100 nm 150 nm 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Wavelength (nm) Ref: Lucent Tech. , Allwave fiber S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Basic technologies • • Fiber capacity Optical multiplexing – • Wavelength Division Multiplexing Evolution of capacity & cost S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Dense vs. Coarse WDM transmission Ref: J. Campbell, Coarse WDM makes waves in Metro/access markets, Laser Focus World, Nov 2000 S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Dense vs. Coarse WDM transmission • CWDM devices available • light sources not yet available due to lack of standard S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Wavelength Allocation EDFA Spectrum • ITU-T Standards: 192. 100 THz (1560. 61 nm) as reference wavelength, 100 GHz grid. • Wavelength Located in flat gain region of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), the flat gain region depended on the saturation level of EDFA, etc. • New developments in S-band (Thullium Doped FAs, 1450 -1500 nm) to broaden the wavelength region at short wavelength region. • Wavelength Spacing depend on the techonologies of laser, optical multiplexer and demultiplexer, etc. • L-band doubles the gain bandwidth of an optical amplifier. S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: ~25 nm

Cost & Capacity evolution Submarine Networks Nb of tel. circuits 10 000 Cost/circuit (US$/km) From 1956 to 1998 : Capacity x 7200 Cost/circuit ÷ 10000 1 000 Cost per circuit 100 000 TAT-1 10 000 TAT-2 10000 TAT-4 1000 TAT-3 TAT-5 1000 TAT-7 TAT-6 100 TAT-8 TAT-9 100 TAT-12/13 10 Gemini 1 1860 1950 1960 1970 S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: 1980 1990 2000 2010 10 1

Cost evolution of 600 km 2. 5 Gb/s circuits Year Pre 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Cost/2. 5 Gb/s $K Capacity (Gb/s) Trans. Rate (Gb/s) Nb. 750 525 199 144 117 97 ? 2. 5 10 20 40 100 400 2. 5 2. 5 10 1 1 4 8 16 40 40 from Ryan Hankin Kent Drastic reduction of cost due to WDM (~ 10 x over 4 years) S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: Source : Alcatel

Key technology trends • Multimedia and other services requiring more bandwidth lead to a strong increase in traffic (about 35% annual growth for data and 10% for voice in core transport). • Optical communication technologies will have direct impact on future datacommunication network infrastructure to efficiently and economically support the wide diversity of present and future applications and services. • Optical networks have huge bandwidth 10 THz available with many beneficial features (e. g. cost-efficiency, survivability, scaleability, reconfigurability, transparency). – New networking solutions are enabled by new developments in component technologies (e. g. wavelength conversion, optical switching components, technical solutions for signal monitoring in optical layers). – Terabit switching platform development may combine IP, ATM, Gig-E, SDH/SONET, and wavelength switching. S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Optical networking • • WDM network evolution Evolution in access and core Optical networking as part of communication networks Simplification of protocol stacks - Optical Internetworking S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Scenario for the WDM deployment in the transport network Ref: ACTS/Horizon S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Optical cross connect (OXC) - principle of operation • Optoelectronic crossconnects available at 512 x 512 port counts • Transparent design based on MOEMS technology: Optical space switch WDM O/E/O conversion Opaque ‘f’ conversion optical bypassing OXC Transparent Note: OAM signaling is considered separately. S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: Ref: Agilent technology, OFC 2000

ne al tic op es cto IP wi ? data +35%/yr in US th on de -fa pti ru H D S m a e r t s n i Ma market demand int M T , A erf ac r e ov tic p o er n al ov rk o etw dis PRODUCT PERFORMANCE tw ork Is telecom still going to rule the backbone and regional environment ? Sustaining trajectories S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: TIME voice +10%/yr

Direct optical access (SDH, ATM, WDM, IP, other) Network Evolution Options (10 Mb/s) ACCESS open optical interface (50 Mb/s) Radio/ Mobile Copper + ADSL (100 Mb/s) VDSL FTTH PON (ATM) (Super) PON (ATM) IP: ATM SDH TRANSPORT SDH: ADM Packet OADM SDH: DXC OADM Photonic Transport Layer WDM 32 x 10 Gb/s Packet OXC WDM OXC 1 Tb/s WDM HORIZON Project - ACTS May 1998

Evolution in Layering IP ATM SDH ATM IP Other Open Optical Interface Optical layer (e. g. WDM) (source: ACTS/Horizon) S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Issues of optical networking –Transparency in optical networks –Interoperability and Interworking –Network and equipment architectures –Network management, monitoring and protection –Passive and active components –Network planning, design and performance evaluation –Different levels of optical regeneration and wavelength conversion S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

State of the art Commercial 1995 2. 5 Gb Line Bit Rate Total Fibre. Capacity 20 -40 Gb # WDM Channels Channel Spacing Opt. Transparent 8 200 GHz 120 km Network Architecture pt-pt WDM Subsystems OA 100 Gb DFB laser 2000 2005 2. 5 Gb 10 Gb 400 Gb (2. 5 Gb) 10 Gb 16 -32 64 100 GHz 50 GHz 600 km 3 -5000 km fixed OADM Services POTS 64 Kb POTS Internet, Videophony, e-commerce AOWC 40 Gbit/s ICs cable modem ADSL 2 -8 Mb Teleworking, Lan-Lan, fast Internet, video, games, telelearning. . . Technology road map, HORIZON Project - ACTS Opt. Packet Gb routers with Qo. S small meshed, flexible WDM networks flexible OADM small OXC selectable/ tuneable lasers ISDN 128 Kb, 2 Mb 10 Gb 40 Gb >1 Tb Gb routers 5000+ km low cost optical transceivers User Access Bit Rate 2002 2010 128 25 GHz fixed flexible OADM/rings (interconnected) rings 3 R O/E/O Transponders Components 1998 2000 10000+ km meshed, flexible WDM networks large, full flexible (integrated) OXC integrated optical switches Opt. 3 R lower cost opt transc. Optical : 155 Mb (A|V)DSL, RAN at 2, 10, 50 Mb Very fast Internet, Interactive entertainment Optical signal processing - OTDM - clock extraction - short pulse generation Optical: 622 Mb Electrical: up to 100 Mb Virtual presence for working, learning and entertainment May 1998

Research Work Needed: • Multiservice access networks (fixed and wireless) – to share the cost of fiber plant while the demand of bandwidth increases – who, what, where, when? • Network Architectures – Optimum wavelength routing for the client traffic (ATM. FR, Fast IP, Gigabit Ethernet) – Dynamic wavelength assignment and routing, bandwidth on demand – Network Protection Schemes – Network control and management, and their compatibility with higher layer client (SDH, ATM, etc. ) • – IP & optics mapping Network Element – Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) and Optical Add & Drop Multiplexer (OADM) functionality, capabilities, structures – Optical Amplifier with wider bandwidth and high gain – Components are 1/4 or 1/100 cheaper • Network Control and Management is the key S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Networking S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Standardization ANSI T 1 X 1 ATM Forum ITU-T Optical Internetworking Forum ITU-T S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page: IEEE IETF

Standardization of optical networking and internetworking • Optical Domain Service Interface (ODSI), kick-off meeting, January 18, 2000 • Optical internetworking Forum - OIF [http: //www. oiforum. com] • Technical Subcommittee - T 1 A 1 Performance and Signal Processing, [http: //www. t 1. org/t 1 a 1 -rms. htm] • Technical Subcommittee T 1 E 1 - Interfaces, Power & Protection of Networks, [http: //www. t 1. org/t 1 e 1/_e 1 -rms. htm] • Technical Subcommittee T 1 M 1 - Internetwork Operations, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning [http: //www. t 1. org/t 1 m 1/_m 1 -rms. htm] • T 1 S 1 Technical Subcommittee - Services, Architectures and Signaling [http: //www. t 1. org/t 1 s 1 -rms. htm] • T 1 X 1 Technical Subcommittee - Digital Hierarchy and Synchronization [http: //www. t 1. org/t 1 x 1/_x 1 -rms. htm] • TIA FO-2 Committee on Optical Communication Systems [http: //www. tiaonline. org/standards/sfg/scope. html#FO-2] • SONET Interoperability Forum (SIF) [http: //www. atis. org/atis/sifinfo. htm] • ATM Forum [http: //www. atmforum. com/atmforum/about/intro. html] • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) [http: //www. ietf. org/tao. html] • ITU-T Study Group 13 – General network aspects [http: //www. itu. ch/itudoc/itu-t/com 13/gen_area_35047. html] • ITU-T Study Group 15 – Transport networks, systems and equipment [http: //www. itu. int/itudoc/itu-t/com 15/gen_area_35049. html] IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet in the First Mile Study Group [http: //grouper. ieee. org/groups/802/3/efm/public/index. html] IEEE 802. 17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group [http: //www. ieee 802. org/rprsg/] S-38. 164 Laajakaistainen välitystekniikka - K-2002 Tutorial, optics and networking_JA. PPT / 9. 4. 2002 / JA page:

Provisional conclusions (1/3) North American Telecom network growth Relative Load 35 30 25 Voice Data 35%/Year 20 15 Digital (data) 10 5 0 1990 10%/Year 1995 2000 2005 Year Source: Lightwave May-97 (assuming data was 20% of voice 1990) Factual: • Explosive bandwidth demand in fixed transport networks • circuit switched optical networking solutions are penetrating the core and metropolitan networks with protocol, bitrate or optical transparencies • Strong trend towards packet orientation (e. g. IP)

Provisional conclusions (2/3) Issues to be resolved: • optimization of multiservice access networks to allow convergence to take place in the physical layer (fiber); simplification of solutions, e. g. Qo. S? • Ethernet in the First Mile in 3 -5 years very cost effective for residential access, strong competitor to x. DSL and CATV • Cost effective microwave photonic solutions for radio front-end? • Evolution of enabling technologies to allow the full functionality of fault tolerant, flexible optical connection oriented or connectionless networks ? • Role of higher network layers, e. g. IP, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gig-E, ATM, SDH over WDM/Optical networking ? • degree of transparency ? • Effect of fast evolving de-facto standards ? • Optical signal processing (e. g. OCDMA) in access networks, Lan, MAN environments ? • Role of OTDM in transport networks ?

Provisional conclusions (3/3) Speculative: • optical burst or label switching? • optical packet switching?