OPTIMA Optimisation for Sustainable Water Resources Management The
OPTIMA Optimisation for Sustainable Water Resources Management The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey 11 -12 November 2005 Casablanca OPTIMA
Population: 1. 700. 000 Istanbul Extent: 18000 km 2 Current water supply Gediz Basin Surface 52 mm (940 MCM) Izmir Industry 3 mm (54 MCM) Environ. Wetla nd 0. 2 mm (3. 6 MCM) Treated Not Available Rainfall 700 mm Water Supply: 1100 MCM 647 m 3 per capita Current water demand Agriculture 39 mm (695 MCM) Ground 9 mm (160 MCM) Domestic 7. 4 mm (133 MCM Water Demand: 886 MCM 521 m 3 per capita 2 OPTIMA
Boundaries and Municipalities Akhisar Saruhanli Manisa Menemen Turgutlu Golmarmara Salihli Ahmetli IZMIR Kemalpasa Alasehir OPTIMA 3
LAKES, RESERVOIRS and WEIRS OPTIMA 4
KEY ISSUES Demographic Change Basin Population 1970 “ 1. 100. 000” Urban population 2% /year 1, 5 % /year 2000 Rural population 0. 7% /year “ 1. 700. 000” INTERNAL MIGRATION URBANIZATION RURAL TO URBAN: RAPID Land Use Change Ø Urban Areas 2% /year Ø Industrial Areas 10% /year INCREASING WATER DEMAND: COMPETITION AMONG USERS OPTIMA 5
KEY ISSUES Supply (61 mm) Demand (49. 6 mm) Ø Domestic demand 0. 15 mm/year, 2% Ø Industrial demand 0. 3 mm/year, 10% “NO WATER MAY BE LEFT FOR FURTHER ALLOCATION!” OPTIMA 6
Discharges Water Quality Ø 60% of Surface Water Ø 30% of Ground Water W. Q. CLASS IV (acc. Turkish W. Q. C. Standards) “VERY POLLUTED!!” OPTIMA 7
SUMER CONTRIBUTION IN OPTIMA PROJECT C 07 SUMER, TURKEY SUMER will contribute to; § the data compilation and analysis tasks, primarily for the hydrology and water resources components, § assist with model implementation, § run the Turkish case study for the Gediz river basin. OPTIMA 8
SUMER CONTRIBUTION IN OPTIMA PROJECT Gediz Case Study: Start month: 12 End month: 30 Total effort: 34 Deliverables: D 08. 1: Gediz River: Problem Analysis Month: 25 D 08. 2: Gediz River: Optimization Results Month: 34 OPTIMA 9
CONTRIBUTION TO STAKEHOLDERS DB OPTIMA 10
CONTRIBUTION TO STAKEHOLDERS DB OPTIMA 11
WP 05 LAND USE CHANGE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS DATA DEM RIVER SOIL MAP LAND COVER OPTIMA 12
WP 05 LAND USE CHANGE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS DATA METEO FLOW by DSI FLOW by EIE OPTIMA 13
WP 05 LAND USE CHANGE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS DATA ~30 m spatial resolution Landsat TM (1987) ~30 m spatial resolution Landsat ETM (2000) OPTIMA 14
WATERWARE STUDIES ØTopology is reviewed and updated ØSettlements are included ØDomestic water demands are added ØGroundwater extractions from wells for domestic demand are included ØDemand release time series of reservoirs and irrigation districts are re-evaluated ØRiver Basin Object entry and editing is in progress ØWater quality data (BOD loads) of settlements and industrial districts are compiled Ø The producer (farmers) selling prices of crops and their yields are compiled OPTIMA 15
Topological View of the Previous Baseline Gediz Scenario Gordes Tributary Demirkopru Afsar Buldan Adala Irrig. Alasehir Irrig. Marmara Lake Ahmetli Irrig. Kumcay Tributary Nif Tributary Wetland Menemen Irrig. Bay of Izmir OPTIMA 16
Topological View of the Recent Baseline Gediz Scenario Gordes Tributary Demirkopru Adala Irrig. Buldan Afsar Alasehir Irrig. Marmara Lake Ahmetli Irrig. Nif Tributary Kumcay Tributary Menemen Irrig. Wetland Bay of Izmir OPTIMA 17
WATERWARE STUDIES River Basin Objects Reservoirs: 1) Demirkopru: supplies irrigation water, flood prevention, energy production during the irrigation season. 2) Afsar: provides irrigation water to Alasehir lowlands. 3) Buldan: provides irrigation water to Alasehir lowlands. 4) Marmara Lake 5) Gordes (under construction): supplies domestic water for the city of Izmir in addition to providing irrigation water within the basin. 6) Yigitler (under construction): supplies industrial water for the industrial district of Kemalpasa. OPTIMA 18
RESERVOIRS DEMIRKOPRU BULDAN AFSAR GORDES? MARMARA YIGITLER? Bay of Izmir OPTIMA 19
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Data on Reservoir Characteristics Demirkopru Res. Afsar Res. Buldan Res. Marmara Lake Dam Height (m) 36 24 30 7. 3 Flood Level (m) 36 24 30 7. 3 Storage (106 m 3) 1022 83. 5 44 321. 36 Dead Storage (106 m 3) 88. 4 5. 2 3 15 Surface Area (km 2) 45 5 3 68 Effective Area (km 2) 45. 7 6. 38 3 68. 2 Spill Capacity (m 3/s) 200 118 190 65 Seepage Coefficient 0. 25 0. 1 OPTIMA 21
River Basin Objects Irrigation Districts : Diversions: Industrial Districts: 1) Adala Left Bank 1) Adala Weir 1) Manisa Ind. Zone 2) Adala Right Bank 2) Ahmetli Weir 2) Kemalpasa Ind. Zone 3) Ahmetli Left Bank 3) Emiralem Weir 3) Memenen Leather Ind. 4) Ahmetli Right Bank 4) Buldan Weir Wetland: 5) Menemen Left Bank 5) Comlekci Weir 1) Izmir Bird Paradise 6) Menemen Right Bank 7) Sarigol 8) Alasehir OPTIMA 22
IRRIG. DISTRICTS, WEIRS, IND. ZONES and WETLAND Adala Irrig. Alasehir Irrig. Comlekci Ahmetli Irrig. Kemalpasa Ind. Zone Manisa Org. Ind. Zone Emiralem Wetland Menemen Irrig. Menemen Leather Ind. Bay of Izmir OPTIMA 23
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Irrigation District Area (ha) (min-max) Adala Left Bank Irr. 5100 -7000 0 30 63 5 - 2 Adala Right Bank Irr. 5500 -6600 25 30 40 3 - 2 Ahmetli Left Bank Irr. 13000 -16100 5 18 63 5 9 - Ahmetli Right Bank Irr. 12500 -17000 17 25 54 4 - - Menemen Left Bank Irr. 13000 -14200 56 25 3 5 2 9 Menemen Right Bank Irr. 4900 -5800 30 26 7 18 4 15 Sarigol Irr. 890 -1100 - - - 6800 -8400 - - 100 - - - Alasehir Irr. Cotton Maize Grape Vegetables Fruits (%) (%) (%) OPTIMA Cereals (%) 25
Yields and Average Farmer’s Prices of Crops Crop Yield (kg/ha) Average Price (EU/kg) Cotton 4027. 5 0. 68 Maize 4805 0. 88 Grape 8035 0. 17 Vegetables 26460 0. 39 Cereals 6367. 5 0. 34 Fruits ? No data is available for ? Water Supply Ratio (%) Decrease in Yield (%) BOD loads of irrig. 4 return 80 70 8 flows 60 15 50 23 Source: Menemen Agr. Hydr. Center OPTIMA 26
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Daily BOD Loads of Industrial Discharges District Kemalpasa Industrial Zone Manisa Org. Ind. Zone Menemen Leather Industrial BOD loads (kg/day) Industrial 4255 8667 4833 Source: Nen Eng. &Cons. , December 2001 OPTIMA 29
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River Basin Objects Settlements : Subcatchments: Aquifers: 1) Manisa (Gov. Centre) 1) Demirkopru Upstream 1) Salihli-Turgutlu 2) Akhisar 2) Buldan Upstream 2) Menemen 3) Salihli 3) Afsar Upstream 3) Sarikiz 4) Turgutlu 4) Medar 4) Alasehir 5) Kemalpasa 5) Nif 6) Menemen 6) Gordes 7) Saruhanli 7) Yigitler 8) Alasehir 9) Izmir 10) Golmarmara 11) Ahmetli OPTIMA 31
SUBCATCHMENTS and SETTLEMENTS Deliinis Buldan Afsar Gordes Golmarmara Salihli Medar Alasehir Yigitler Ahmetli Akhisar Saruhanli Turgutlu Nif Kemalpasa Menemen Bay of Izmir OPTIMA 32
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Domestic Demand of Settlements 1990 Pop. 2000 Pop. q. HY, l/ca/day ** m 3/day m 3/s Akhisar 73944 81510 170 13857 0. 16 Salihli 70861 83137 170 14133 0. 16 Turgutlu 73634 93727 170 15934 0. 18 Manisa, Center 158928 214345 200 42869 0. 50 Kemalpasa 16354 25448 100 2545 0. 03 Menemen 29006 46079 120 5529 0. 06 Saruhanli 12977 13025 100 1303 0. 02 Golmarmara 10976 11205 100 1121 0. 01 Alasehir 36649 39590 120 4751 0. 05 Ahmetli 10190 11011 100 1101 0. 01 Name of the Settlement Population q. HY, l/ca/day 5 000 - 10 000 80 10 000 - 30 000 100 30 000 - 50 000 120 50 000 - 100 000 170 > 100 000 200 ** Values from Bank of Provinces OPTIMA 34
BOD Loads of Domestic Returns of Settlements Municipality BOD loads (kg/day) Salihli 2772 Menemen 1115 Golmarmara 379 Turgutlu 3100 Alasehir 1093 Saruhanli 2247 Akhisar 1866 Ahmetli 1321 Manisa 2222 Kemalpasa 712 Source: Nen Eng. &Cons. , December 2001 OPTIMA 35
The aquifers identified in Water. Ware (WRM) and their parameters. The Name of the Aquifer Parameter Area (km 2) Alasehir Menemen Salihli. Turgutlu Sarikiz 940 300 1200 600 Average depth (m) 80 80 90 80 Porosity (%) 15 15 0 0 Deg. day coefficient 1 e-05 Recharge coefficient 0. 75 0. 70 0. 65 Percolation loss coefficient OPTIMA 36
GROUNDWATER: AQUIFERS IDENTIFIED Groundwater coupling? Sarikiz Menemen Salihli_Turgutlu Alasehir OPTIMA 37
Subcatchments Outflow TS Ø The year of TS is 1991 Ø Observed stream gauging station data are used Ø Some small subcatchments are taken into account like lateral inflows to the reaches (Sarma, Taytan, Tabak) Ø For Buldan and Afsar Subcatchments the observed inflows to the reservoirs are used, BUT there is some inconsistencies, hence those subcatchments may be re-evaluated with RRM OPTIMA 38
Water. Ware Modeling Studies OPTIMA 39
Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin In the Gediz Basin, there are: 1)agricultural, 2)domestic 3)industrial activities 4)which supply their water needs directly from surface waters and the groundwater system OPTIMA 40
Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin Irrigation : The major consumptive water use in the Gediz is irrigation, realized in four major districts. In addition, a downstream wetland called the “Bird Paradise” is also connected to the Menemen Left Bank irrigation scheme. The intensive irrigation activities in the basin are supported by three reservoirs and a set of weirs which divert the flow to irrigation channels. On the other hand, there also many wells exploiting the groundwater either under normal conditions for small irrigation systems or in cases of emergency like droughts. OPTIMA 41
Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin Irrigation : The irrigation schemes are operated on open channel conveyance systems. Most of the farmers prefer “flooding” methods for irrigation at the field. The dominant crop pattern in irrigation districts is cotton, table grapes and maize; however, their percentage with respect to irrigated areas changes every year, depending on the income expected by farmers. OPTIMA 42
Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin Domestic and Industrial Water Use: Domestic and industrial demands in the Gediz Basin are generally met through groundwater sources. All the municipalities in the basin supply their domestic water through groundwater, thereby putting these resources under stress. There also three major industrial districts, nearby Manisa, Menemen and Kemalpasa municipalities, supplying their demand by groundwater. Unfortunately, their consumption rates and fixed costs for pumping are not monitored and recorded; only rough estimates are available. OPTIMA 43
Gediz Baseline Scenario Building and Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 44
Demirkopru Reservoir (Real TS of Release) OPTIMA 45
Ahmetli Weir Right Bank Diversion (The expected demand TS) OPTIMA 46
Ahmetli Irrg. Right Bank (The expected demand TS) OPTIMA 47
Assumptions of Modeling Practice Flow TS used as input are from the year of 1991 There was limited irrigation at this year 1. Initial storages of reservoirs and aquifers: In the baseline scenario, the initial storages of the reservoirs are selected such that they preserve almost the same amount of water at the beginning and at the end of the year, namely, at the start and at the end of a model simulation; 20% 2. OPTIMA 48
Assumptions of Modeling Practice Conveyance losses of demand nodes: No Irrigation System Change: conveyance loss: 10 % evaporation losses: 5%, return flow losses: 5%. Irrigation demand time series and reservoir releases: The daily demand time series of irrigation districts are computed by the CROPWAT(FAO) for Windows 4. 3. The real release time series at that year are used OPTIMA 49
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 50
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 51
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 52
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 53
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 54
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 55
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 56
Preliminary Results of WRM OPTIMA 57
Problem Reporting OPTIMA 58
Planned Work for Next Phase • The irrigation water demand series of the irrigation districts will be calculated throught IWD module of Water. Ware • The lateral flows will be checked and tested • The recent Gediz baseline scenario will be run with a different year’s data set(1982? ) • One or two more calibration/control nodes will be added to the system OPTIMA 59
Planned Work for Next Phase • All the rest of the “River Basin Objects” will be identified in Object Data Base • The economic data such operation and water-use costs and related benefits of the nodes will be compiled • More reliable water quality data of the irrigation return flows will be searched • More data on the groundwater structure of the basin will be compiled OPTIMA 60
THANK YOU! OPTIMA 61
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