Optical modules WDM routing and switching KTHCSD master

Optical modules, WDM, routing and switching @ KTH/CSD master program 2009 Robert Olsson KTH/CSD

Explore new ways for infrastructure Motivation: Optical gear affordable. Cheap. New techniques like WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) to share fibre Computers are very powerful Need for communication

Project Connect two campuses with dark fibre Network and routing should also be setup Use WDM if possible with budget We don't have all optical instruments Use what we got → PC's and skilled master Students.

Requirements Royal Inst. Of Technology (KTH) KTH campuses (Stockholm) 1) KTH/Kista 2) KTH main campus is 10 km apart Fibre is availble and fibre distance is 20 km Research project need >1 Gbit/s → 10 Gbit/s Other applications separate 1 Gbit/s links

Optical Modules Examples Sender + Receiver in one module GBIC (older) SFP Gigabit SFP+ 10 G X 2 10 G (older) XFP 10 G Used with a switch or router. . .

Optical modules/Big Picture Network Routers Data Link Switches Optical Fredrik Gunger

Optical modules example

Optical Modules Basic wavelengths 850, 1310, 1550 nm Different ranges optical budget varies from 300 meter to 160 km!!! CWDM and DWDM versions available too

Optical Modules Volume market Look at ebay Be aware. . . Some vendors only support their own brand

XFP Optical modules XFP's are 10 G and available for Long Range

XFP Optical modules XFP's uses LC-connectors

XFP Interface Board SUN Neptune 10 g PCIe x 8

Optical statistics Optical related data from I 2 C bus (2 pins in the connector) RX power TX power Voltage Temperature Also some other proprietary data. . .

Optical statistics Be aware. . . Not all modules supports statistics Not all optical gear can read out the stats

Optical modules/our choice XFP module 10 Gbit/s 1310 nm, 10 km Finisar XFP module 10 Gbit/s 1550 nm, 40 km Finisar SUN Neptune 10 g NIC could host 2 XFP's Still testing: SFP cheap even up to 120 km and 160 km SFP is affordable even for CWDM

WDM Wavelength Division-Multiplexing WDM → (DWDM and CWDM) Different wavelengths can coexist on the same fibre Our focus is CDWM → Coarse WDM normally 20 nm apart Can be passive and very cheap

CWDM MUX/DEMUX 4 Ports Price idea 600 Euro

CWDM MUX/DEMUX 8 Ports Can be stacked

CWDM MUX/DEMUX 16 Ports Up to 16 channels

Functional view 1300 nm CWDM

Lab setup and testing

Optical verification and budget by attenuation 
 Test
#
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 Attenuators
 Mb/s
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Gb/s
 link
 Packet
loss
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d. B
–
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d. B
 3040
 10
d. B
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 11 d. B
 3045
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Gb/s 
link
 Mb/s
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loss
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 15
d. B
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d. B
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d. B
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d. B
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 925
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d. B
–
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d. B
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 23
d. B
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 100%
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 A method of finding out optical budget by just using fiber attenuators We use PC/routers to send TCP data for this we use netperf program. netperf -H 10. 10. 2 Were 10. 10. 2 is host on the other side of the link. (Which runs

The final result

Price idea XFP 10 G 10 km 900 Euro XFP 10 G 40 km 1400 Euro SFP 1 G 40 km 200 Euro SFP 1 G 80 km 250 Euro SFP 1 G 40 km/WDM 250 Euro WDM 4 -port 650 Euro (CWDM) Network Card 1 G 4 -SFP PCIe 500 Euro Network Card 10 G 2 -XFP PCIe 600 Euro

Report Full report: http: //www. tslab. ssvl. kth. se/csd/projects/0911130/sites/default/files/WDM%20 T est%20 report-v 0. 3. pdf Web site: http: //www. tslab. ssvl. kth. se/csd/projects/0911130/

Network Building Blocks Connecting devices Networking devices Internetworking devices Hub/ Repeater Bridge/ Switch Router Application gateway L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 -L 7

Network layers (OSI) L 7: Application L 6: Presentation SMTP HTTP FTP DNS SSH . . . L 5: Session L 4: Transport UDP TCP SCT P L 3: Network IP ARP L 2: Data Link Ethernet L 1: Physical PPP WLAN ATM . . .

Switching and Routing is based on destination address Network Routers Data Link Switches Physical Optical etc? Fredrik Gunger

Ethernet vs IPv 4 addresses vendor code IEEE 802 1011110 1 1 1011110 0111010 1 1 Group/ Individual bit vendor assigned 1011110 1 1 1011110 0111010 1 1 00: 0 E: 35: 64: E 9: E 7 Global/ Localbit netid IPv 4 addr 1011110 1100000 1 0 hostid 1011110 0010010 1 0 1011110 0111110 1 1 192. 36. 125. 18 1011110 0001001 1 0 1011110 1 1 1011110 0111010 1 1

Address assignment For Ethernet there is no need IP Manual DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, )

IP-numbers (private) 3. Private Address Space. (RFC 1918) The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved: 10. 0 172. 16. 0. 0 192. 168. 0. 0 - 10. 255 (10/8 prefix) 172. 31. 255 (172. 16/12 prefix) 192. 168. 255 (192. 168/16 prefix) Used for NAT and experiments

IP resources IP numbers Ipv 4 (exhausted when? ) IP numbers IPv 6 AS-numbers 16 vs 32 bit LIR, Afri. NIC or through provider.

IPv 6: What drives deployment? • Asia and Europe – Smaller pools of IPv 4 addresses – Faster at adopting new technology – Government-driven (ASIA) – Wireless (3 G in Europe) • U. S. – Do. D announced that it will move to IPv 6 by 2008 • Public address assignment simplifies end-to-end security • IPv 6 has been added to DNS root servers • SUNET and Nordu. NET runs IPv 6 in core

Routing How a packet finds it's way to the destination The job of a router

Popular Unicast Routing Protocols

What is BGP? Border Gateway Protocol version 4. RFC 4271 An inter-domain routing protocol for Internet Uses the destination-based forwarding paradigm Views the Internet as a collection autonomous systems. Uses TCP between peers AS-numbers.

AS graph and peering relations Tier 1: Full Internet connectivity AS 1 AS 2 Transit AS 3 NSPs ISPs Peer AS 5 AS 4 Customer Stubs/ Customers AS 6 AS 7 AS 8 AS 9

Cost and peering relations Full Internet connectivity AS 1 You pay for transit traffic. AS 2 Transit -$ -$ AS 3 NSPs ISPs +$ +$ Stubs/ Customers AS 6 Peer 0 AS 5 AS 4 Customer AS 7 AS 8 AS 9

Traffic patterns Full Internet connectivity AS 1 Note where there are no traffic arrows! AS 2 Transit AS 3 NSPs ISPs Peer AS 5 AS 4 Customer Stubs/ Customers AS 6 AS 7 AS 8 AS 9

That's all Questions?

IP topology example