Operations Management Material Requirements Planning MRP ERP Chapter
- Slides: 43
Operations Management Material Requirements Planning (MRP) & ERP Chapter 14 Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -1 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Outline ¨ GLOBAL COMPANY PROFILE: COLLINS INDUSTRIES ¨ DEPENDENT INVENTORY MODEL REQUIREMENTS ¨ Master Production Schedule ¨ Bills of Materials ¨ Accurate Inventory records ¨ Purchase Orders Outstanding ¨ Lead Times for Each Component ¨ MRP STRUCTURE Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -2 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Outline - Continued ¨ MRP MANAGEMENT ¨ MRP Dynamics ¨ MRP and JIT ¨ LOT-SIZING TECHNIQUES ¨ EXTENSIONS IN MRP ¨ Closed-Loop MRP ¨ Capacity Planning ¨ Material Requirements Planning II (MRP II) ¨ MRP IN SERVICES Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -3 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Outline - Continued ¨ DISTRIBUTION RESOURCE PLANNING (DRP) ¨ ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) ¨ Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP System ¨ ERP in the Service Sector Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -4 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you should be able to : Identify or Define: Planning bills and kits ¨ Phantom bills ¨ Low-level coding ¨ Lot sizing ¨ Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -5 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Learning Objectives Continued When you complete this chapter, you should be able to : Describe or Explain: ¨ ¨ ¨ Material requirements planning Distribution requirements planning Enterprise resource planning How ERP works Advantages and disadvantages of ERP systems Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -6 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Collins Industries ¨ Largest manufacturer of ambulances in the world ¨ International competitor ¨ 12 major ambulance designs ¨ ¨ 18, 000 different inventory items ¨ 6, 000 manufactured parts ¨ 12, 000 purchased parts MRP: IBM’s MAPICS Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -7 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Collins Industries ¨ Collins requires: Material plan must meet both the requirements of the master schedule and the capabilities of the production facility ¨ Plan must be executed as designed ¨ Effective “time-phased” deliveries, consignments, and constant review of purchase methods ¨ Maintenance of record integrity ¨ Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -8 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Inventory Classifications Inventory Proces s stage Number & Value A Items B Items C Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, Items Deman d Type Raw Material WIP Finished Goods 7 e Independen t Dependent 14 -9 Other Maintenanc e Operating © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Dependent versus Independent Demand Item Demand Source Material Type Method of Estimating Demand Planning Method Materials With Independent Demand Dependent Demand Company Customers Parent Items Finished Goods WIP & Raw Materials Forecast & Booked Customer Orders Calculated EOQ & ROP MRP Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -10 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Requirements for Effective Use of Dependent Demand Inventory Models Effective use of dependent demand inventory models requires that the operations manager know the: ¨ ¨ ¨ master production schedule specifications or bills-of-material inventory availability purchase orders outstanding lead times Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -11 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Inputs to the Production Plan Marketing Customer Demand Production Capacity Inventory Procurement Supplier Performance Aggregate Production Plan Management Return on Investment Capital Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e Finance Cash Flow Human Resources Manpower Planning Engineering Design Completion 14 -12 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
The Planning Process Aggregate production plan Master production schedule Change requirements? Change capacity? Material requirements plan Change production plan? Change master production schedule? Detail capacity plan Is Realistic capacity No plan Yes being Execute capacity met? plans Is executio n meeting the plan? Execute material © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. plans 14 -13 07458 Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e
Aggregate Production Plan Months January Aggregate Production Plan (shows the total quantity of amplifiers Weeks Master Production Schedule (Shows the specific type and quantity of amplifier to be produced 240 watt amplifier 150 watt amplifier 75 watt amplifier Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e February 1, 500 1 10 0 2 500 3 10 0 30 0 14 -14 1, 200 4 5 6 100 500 7 8 100 450 100 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Typical Focus of the Master Production Schedule Make to Order (Process Focus) Number of end items Typical focus of the master production schedule Number of inputs Schedule orders Assemble to Order or Forecast Stock to Forecast (Repetitive) (Product Focus) Schedule finished product Schedule modules Motorcycles, Example Print shop Machine shop autos, TVs, fasts: Fine dining restaurantfood restaurant Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -15 Steel, Beer, Bread Light bulbs, Paper © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Bill-of-Material ¨ List of components & quantities needed to make product ¨ Provides product structure (tree) Parents: Items above given level ¨ Children: Items below given level ¨ ¨ Shows low-level coding Lowest level in structure item occurs ¨ Top level is 0; next level is 1 etc. ¨ Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -16 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Product Structure for “Awesome” A Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -17 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Special Bills-of-Material ¨ Modular bills ¨ Modules are final components used to make assemble-to-stock end items ¨ Planning bills Used to assign artificial parent ¨ Reduces number of items scheduled ¨ ¨ Phantom bills ¨ Used for subassemblies that exist temporarily Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -18 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Bill-of-Material Product Structure Tree Bicycle(1) P/N 1000 Handle Bars (1) Frame Assembly (1) P/N 1001 P/N 1002 Wheels (2) P/N 1003 Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e Frame (1) P/N 1004 14 -19 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Time-Phased Product Structure Must have D and E completed here so production can begin on B 1 Start production of D week D 2 weeks to produce B 2 weeks E 2 weeks A E 1 week G 1 week C 3 weeks F 1 week D 1 2 3 Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 4 5 14 -20 6 7 8 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Material Requirements Planning (MRP) ¨ Manufacturing computer information system ¨ Determines quantity & timing of dependent demand items © 1995 Corel Corp. Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -21 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP Requirements ¨ Computer system ¨ Mainly discrete products ¨ Accurate bill-of-material ¨ Accurate inventory status ¨ 99% inventory accuracy ¨ Stable lead times © 1984 -1994 T/Maker Co. Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -22 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP Benefits ¨ Increased customer satisfaction due to meeting delivery schedules ¨ Faster response to market changes ¨ Improved labor & equipment utilization ¨ Better inventory planning & scheduling ¨ Reduced inventory levels without reduced customer service Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -23 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Structure of the MRP System BOM Master Production Schedule MRP by Period Report MRP by date report Lead Times Planned order report (Item Master File) Purchase advice Exception report Inventory Data Purchasing data Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e MRP planning programs (computer and software) 14 -24 Exception report © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Gross Material Requirements Plan for 50 “Awesome A” Speaker Kits Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -25 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP and The Production Planning Process Forecast & Firm Orders Aggregate Production Planning Material Requirements Planning Master Production Scheduling Resource Availability No, modify CRP, MRP, or MPS Capacity Requirements Planning Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e Realistic? 14 -26 Yes Shop Floor Schedules © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Master Production Schedule ¨ Shows items to be produced ¨ End item, customer order, module ¨ Derived from aggregate plan Example Item/Week Oct 3 Oct 10 Oct 17 Oct 24 Drills 300 200 310 300 Saws 300 450 310 330 Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -28 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Derivation of Master Schedule A S C B Lead time = 4 for A Master schedule for A Periods 5 Lead time = 6 for S Master schedule for S 6 7 8 9 10 11 40 50 15 Periods Gross requirements: B 1 8 10 2 40+10 = 50 Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e C B 9 10 11 12 13 40 20 30 8 3 4 5 40 50 20 14 -29 6 15+30 = 45 7 Master schedule for S sold directly 1 2 3 10 10 Therefore, these are the gross requirements for B © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP Dynamics ¨ Supports “replanning” ¨ Problem with system “nervousness” ¨ “Time fence” - allows a segment of the master schedule to be designated as “not to be rescheduled” ¨ “Pegging” - tracing upward in the bill-ofmaterials from the component to the parent item ¨ That a manager can react to changes, doesn’t mean he/she should Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -30 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP and JIT ¨ MRP - a planning and scheduling technique with fixed lead times ¨ JIT - a way to move material expeditiously ¨ Integrating the two: Small bucket approach and back flushing ¨ Balanced flow approach ¨ Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -31 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Lot-Sizing Techniques ¨ Lot-for-lot ¨ Economic Order Quantity ¨ Part Period Balancing ¨ Wagner-Whitin Algorithm Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -32 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP Lot-Sizing Problem: Lotfor-Lot Techniques Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -33 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP Lot-Sizing Problem: EOQ Technique Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -34 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP Lot-Sizing Problem: PPB Technique Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -35 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Extensions of MRP ¨ Closed loop MRP ¨ Capacity planning - load reports ¨ MRP II - Material Resource Planning ¨ Enterprise Resource Planning Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -36 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Closed Loop MRP Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -37 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Extensions of MRP Capacity Planning ¨ Tactics for smoothing the load and minimizing the impact of changed lead time include: ¨ Overlapping - reduces the lead time, entails sending pieces to the second operation before the entire lot has completed the first operation ¨ Operations splitting - sends the lot to two different machines for the same operation ¨ Lot splitting - breaking up the order and running part of it ahead of the schedule Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -38 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Initial Resource Requirements/Smoothed Resource Requirements Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -39 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Extensions to MRP Enterprise Resource Planning MRP II with ties to customers and suppliers Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -40 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP and ERP Information Flows, Integrated with Other Systems Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -41 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
MRP in Services ¨ Can be used when demand for service items is directly related to or derived from demand for other services ¨ restaurant - rolls required for each meal ¨ hospitals - implements for surgery ¨ etc. Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -42 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Product Structure, Bill of Materials, Bill of Labor for Veal Picante Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -43 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
Distribution Resource Planning ¨ DRP requires: Gross requirements, which are the same as expected demand or sales forecasts ¨ Minimum levels of inventory to meet customer service levels ¨ Accurate lead times ¨ Definition of the distribution structure ¨ Transparency Masters to accompany Heizer/Render – Principles of Operations Management, 5 e, and Operations Management, 7 e 14 -44 © 2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N. J. 07458
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