Operational Definitions as opposed to conceptual definitions Conceptual

Operational Definitions, as opposed to conceptual definitions Conceptual definitions – dictionary definitions Operational definitions – “physical steps” that define the concept. Needed for Empirical data.

Example: Clean: 1 a : to make clean: as (1) : to rid of dirt, impurities, or extraneous matter “Go clean your room” Operationalize it – “all dirty clothes in the clothes hamper; dust all furniture, vacuum the rug, make the bed, shoes in closet. ”

Why operational definitions? “Operationalize” a variable- define it in such a way to be able to collect empirical data about that variable Allows for replication –others can know that they are using the concept in exactly the same way as you did. Even if unstated, the DV will provide clues to an operational definition.

Practice: Cooperation Anger Public speaking Leadership Look up OP’s in the articles

Quantitative and Qualitative Research ØObjective – Subjective ØObjective reality to discover – subjective realities to share ØNumbers - words ØInductive – Deductive ØHypothesis before and static – Hypothesis maybe and dynamic ØResearch is detached – Researcher may participant

Why choose one or the other? Quantitative or Qualitative? v. The research question lends itself to one or the other v. The lack of previous research often suggests qualitative. v. If participants are likely to be secretive or reluctant. v. When potential interaction with participants is low, quantitative is preferred. v. Funding and other resources may impact decision. v. The expectations of the audience may suggest one type or another.

Using Quantitative and Qualitative together Exploratory – qualitative used first, then quantitative (epistemological beliefs – intellectual development of college students) Explanatory – quantitative first, then qualitative Triangulation – using both at same time

Ethics in Research Major characteristics of ethical research 1. Informed consent necessary • Purpose • what will happen • potential benefits • potential harm • withdraw at any time • In writing • Parents when minors are participants 2. Debriefing • Review purpose • Review procedure 9 what happened) • Offer to share results • Re-assurance of confidentiality

The end for now