Operated by Los Alamos National Security LLC for
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U. S. Department of Energy An X-band Linac for the Ma. RIE Project at LANL Ma. RIE (Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes) Richard Sheffield, Joseph Bradley III, Dinh Nguyen, Mark Gulley Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-UR 10 -07872 XB-10 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band linac • Requirements • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 2 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE Project Goals • • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac • Requirements • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 3 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Materials Behavior Limits The Performance Of Advanced Energy Systems • Life extension, safety of existing reactor fleet • Improved affordability for new reactors • Sustainable fuel cycles • Fusion Reactor first wall materials Slide 4 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Microstructure-Based Heterogeneity Evolution Leading to Material Phase Transformation and Damage / Failure Events The objective of this Ma. RIE experiment is to probe the physics of dynamic solid phase transformation and damage at the length scales approaching those at which they nucleate in order to gain a detailed understanding of this process and the influence real material microstructure has on these events. Team includes: Curt Bronkhorst, Carl Greeff, George Gray III, Irene Beyerlein, Avadh Saxena, Paulo Rigg, Jon Boettger, John Barber, Mark Schraad, Ed Kober, LANL ; Neil Bourne, UK AWE; Brent Adams, Brigham Young University; Guruswami Ravichandran, Cal. Tech; Somnath Ghosh, Ohio State University Slide 5 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac • Requirements • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 6 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
The X-band Linac Supports All Three Ma. RIE User Facilites (MPDH: Multi-Probe Diagnostic Hall) First x-ray scattering capability at high energy and high repetition frequency with simultaneous charged particle dynamic imaging MPDH (F 3: Fission and Fusion Materials Facility) In-situ diagnostics and irradiation environments beyond best planned facilities (M 4: Making, Measuring & Modeling Materials Facility) Integrated resource for materials synthesis and control, with national security infrastructure Unique very hard x-ray XFEL F 3 M 4 Unique simultaneous photon-proton imaging measurements Unique spallation neutron-based irradiation capability Unique in-situ, transient radiation damage measurements Unique materials design and discovery capability Slide 7 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Through the Multi-Probe Diagnostic Hall, Ma. RIE provides unique scattering and imaging capabilities to bridge the micron gap in extreme environments A high-energy-photon (50 -100 ke. V) XFEL allows multigranular sample penetration and multipulse dynamics without significant sample perturbation Meanwhile, proton microscopy can provide absolute density & velocities through the sample volume Slide 8 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Through the Fission Fusion Materials Facility, Ma. RIE Creates Extreme Radiation Fluxes And Advances The Frontiers Of Radiation Damage Science Through In Situ Measurements The same x-rays (protons) enable in-situ (near in-situ) measurements… …in relevant environments Orange: materials modules PERSISTENT IFMIF HFTM fusion reactor ITER first wall TRANSIENT Green: fuel modules S. Zinkle MTS target assembly Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED Slide 9
Through the M 4 Facility, Ma. RIE Provides The Directed Synthesis Of Materials Essential For Defect/Interface Control And Materials Discovery Multi-scale Synthesis & Crystal Growth Characterization National Security Infrastructure Slide 10 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED Making User Gateway Co-design Center Visualization Capability Modeling Measuring M 4 XFEL end station Other Extremes (E, H, p. H) In situ synthesis probes
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac Requirements • • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 11 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Science-driven Requirements Lead to Integrated Facility Needs Fulfilled by Ma. RIE User Driven Science Dynamic Extremes Microstructure Evolution Stochastic Explosive Microstructure & Detonation Fluid/Mineral Interactions in 3 -D Measurements of Turbulent Radiation Extremes Materiel Needs Functional Requirements Environments Dynamic pressure <200 GPa Strain rate = 101– 107 s-1 Temperature = 77– 2000 K High Explosives < 30 g Pu isotope samples < 3 mm thick Irradiation rate < 35 dpa/fpy He(appm)/dpa ratios: 0. 1 -1, 9 -13 Irrad Volume: 0. 5 l @ >14 dpa/yr Irradiation Stability of Structural Nanocomposites Fission Gas Bubble & Swelling in UO 2 Nuclear Fuel Mechanical Testing of Structural Materials in Fusion/Fission Environ. Measurements of Temperature, Microstructure & Thermal Transport Rad Damage in Passive Oxide Films & its Influence on Corrosion Measurements Control of Complex Materials & Processes Density Imaging Understanding Emergent Phenomena in Complex Materials Developing Practical Superconductors by Design Energy Conversion & Storage Achieving Practical High-Density Energy Storage Through New Support/Catalyst Electrode Systems Solar Energy Conversion w/ Functionally Integrated Nanostructures Process-Aware Materials Performance Alternatives Analyses Scattering Defects: 1 nm res over 10 µm Stress: 1 -2 µm res over 100 mm Lattice Strain: 10 nm res in 3 D 0. 1 -1 nm, <1 -ps res over 10 mm 10 nm, <1 -ps over 50 mm 0. 1 -1 µm, < 0. 3 ns over 0. 1 -1 mm Spectroscopic 3 D chemistry mapping w/ 1 mm res Themo-Physical Measurements Temperature: 1 mm res Thermal Conductivity w/ 1 m. W/m-K res Synthesis with Characterization Organic, inorganic, biomaterials incl nanomaterials, HE & actinides Performance Gaps Preferred Alternative & Roadmap Facility Concept 50 ke. V coherent x-ray source with 1011 photons per macropulse focused to 1 -200 mm Dynamic charged particle imaging with 20 -Ge. V electrons Tunable ultrashort x-ray source for excitation: 5 -35 ke. V, 100 fs, focused to 10 nm Ultra short pulse lasers for spectroscopy: THz (2 me. V) to VUV (6 e. V) MW fast neutron source with 2 x 1015 n/cm 2 -s and >4000 h/yr operation with < 10 beam trips per day over 1 min Crystal growth with control of impurities & defects during and after fab Deposition Lab w/CVD, PVD, evaporation, ion beams Characterization Lab w/ SEM, FE-SEM, AFM, SALVE, ion beams Data Visualization Lab w/ 1 MB 10 TB available per expt. Nanostructured Ferritic Alloys Thin films with buried interface Exploring Separate Effects in Pu characterization Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED Ma. RIE builds upon existing $B investments at LANSCE with the addition of the: • Electron Linac with XFEL Systems • Multiprobe Diagnostic Hall • Fission-Fusion Materials Facility • Making, Measuring, & Modeling Material Facility
The Basis For Linac Engineering Design Follows From The XFEL Beam User Requirements n Wavelength: 50 Ke. V to penetrate useful thickness of high-density, high-Z material, n Pulse duration and multiple pulses: less than 0. 1 ns pulse durations are required to reduce motion blur and to track shock waves requires taking 100’s of images within 1 to 2 microseconds, n Repetition rate: stress tests require pulses up to ~ 60 Hz, n Peak X-ray intensity: a single snap-shot requires 1010 to 1011 photons per pulse. To have sufficient XFEL gain to generate this number of photons requires a electron beam with a normalized emittance of 0. 3 mm-mrad, rms energy spread of 10 -4, and charge of 0. 1 n. C. n Beam divergence: the use of explosives and ancillary hardware for MPDH and shielding in F^3 requires several meters stand-off for the nearest magnetic or optical component; also some diagnostic techniques require low divergence (<10 mrad) to get high resolution, Slide 13 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
The Basis For Linac Engineering Design Follows From The XFEL Beam User Requirements n Coherence: transverse coherence is required for diffractive measurements and phase contrast imaging. A full 3 -D image reconstruction requires both transverse and longitudinal coherence, n Pulse charge: > 6 x 109 electrons (1 n. C) per bunch for radiography and 0. 1 n. C for the XFEL, n Since an XFEL is very sensitive to the electron beam quality and beam quality is negatively impacted by bends, an accelerator design that fits on the mesa with limited bend angles requires going to high cavity gradients. Slide 14 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac • Requirements Design Basis • • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 15 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
LCLS Successfully Demonstrated an 8 Ke. V XFEL and Has Begun User Operations gex, y = 0. 4 mm (slice) Ipk = 3. 0 k. A s. E/E = 0. 01% (slice) Slide 16 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
The Ma. RIE XFEL Baseline is a Reasonable Extrapolation of Demonstrated LCLS Electron Beam Performance Wavelength Beam energy Bunch charge Pulse length (FWHM) Peak current Normalized slice rms emittance Energy spread Undulator period Peak magnetic field Undulator parameter, Krms Gain length, 1 D (3 D) Saturation length Peak power at fundamental Pulse energy # of photons at fundamental UNIT Å Ge. V p. C fs k. A mm-mrad LCLS 1. 5 14. 35 250 290 3. 4 0. 3 -0. 4 MARIE 0. 248 20. 017 100 30 3. 4 0. 3 % cm T 0. 01 3 1. 25 2. 48 4. 6 (7. 2) 55 8 2. 3 1. 8 x 1012 0. 015 2. 4 0. 93 1. 47 5. 7 (6. 4) 85 30 0. 7 5 x 1010 m m GW m. J Critical parameters in red Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED Slide 17
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac • Requirements • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 18 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
The Proposed Baseline Ma. RIE XFEL Was Reviewed By LCLS Staff and Found to be Reasonable Extensions of Demonstrated Performance Ø The engineering issues in green are reasonable based on existing research. Linac Energy Linac frequency Linac type Cavity gradient Maximum beamline q Ø The engineering Bunch compressor 1 issues in yellow Bunch compressor 2 can be resolved RF pulse duration RF pulse rise time with more RF peak power development. RF Repetition rate # RF tubes Electron beam CW power at above rep rate RF wall plug CW electrical power Wall plug power for accelerator systems ØWhite cells are Accelerator active length calculated or Accelerator length from defined injector to linac end Beam duty factor Ø The red are beyond state-of-art and will be challenging to reach. Baseline 20 Ge. V 11426 MHz RT Cu Advanced 20 Ge. V 11426 MHz RT Cu 50 MV/m 4 degrees 6 m 22 m 1. 5 ms 0. 1 ms 50 MW 60 Hz 70 MV/m 0. 2 degrees 6 m 200 m 1. 5 ms 0. 1 ms 70 MW 120 Hz 268 12 k. W 273 24 k. W 3. 6 MW 10 MW 4. 6 MW 11 MW 400 m 482 m 286 m 546 m 0. 0085% 0. 017% Electron beam Baseline FEL / e. Rad photoinjector 30 fs / <10 ps 0. 3 microns /1000 micron 0. 1 n. C / 1 n. C 100/20 Advanced FEL / e. Rad photoinjector 75 fs / <10 ps 0. 15 microns /1000 micron 0. 25 n. C / 3 n. C 1000/100 0. 015% / 2% 1. 4 ns /1. 4 ns 1 e-3 0. 01% /2% 0. 01% / 2% 100 ps / 1. 4 ns 1 e-5 Photons Baseline Advanced Energy # per bunch % Transverse coherence Longitudinal coherence Pulse length Bandwidth Divergence 50 Ke. V 5 e 10 70% 50 Ke. V 1 e 12 90% no yes <100 fs 1 e-3 <1 mrad 10 fs 1 e-4 <1 mrad Electron source bunch length Normalized Emittance bunch charge # of bunches per macropulse Energy spread Pulse-to pulse DE Min bunch sep. Dropped bunch rate Slide 19 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Performance Requirements For The Three Modes Of Operation Operating Mode XFEL Incoherent Light Source Electron Radiography 20 Ge. V < 20 Ge. V 2 Ge. V 0. 1 - 0. 25 n. C 1 - 3 n. C Micropulse Length 30 fs <3 ps <10 ps Micropulse Spacing 1. 5 - 1500 ns 100 - 1000 20 1. 4 µs ≤ 0. 3 mm-mrad ≤ 10 cm-mrad 0. 015% 1% 2% 10 -120 Hz e beam Energy Requirement Charge per micropulse Micropulses per Macropulse Length Normalized Emittance Energy Spread Rep Rate Slide 20 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac • Requirements • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 21 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Accelerating Structures • The preconceptual design assumes the use of standing wave, pimode accelerating structures similar to those tested at LNF and SLAC. [1][2] • X-band structures of this type (SW 20 PI) have been tested to operate reliably at a loaded gradient of >55 MV/m. [2] We have chosen a conservative operating point of 50 MV/m for the preconceptual design. • Charge per micropulse is ≤ 5% of the design for the NLC and the spacing between micropulses is > 1. 4 ns to minimize wakefield effects. • We assume a 0. 75 fraction of active length to total length. [1] D. Alesini, et al, “R&D on X-Band Accelerating Structures at the INFN-LNF”, SPARC-RF-06/002 Tech note, February 2006. [2] V. A. Dolgashev, et al, “Status of X-band Standing Wave Structure Studies at SLAC”, PAC’ 03, Portland, May 2003. Slide 22 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
RF System Design • The initial design makes extensive use of the X-band developments and prototypes done for the NLC. • The RF system will drive the SW X-band structures using ≈330 50 MW klystrons operating with an RF pulsewidth of 1. 5 µs. • The RF transport system will be low-loss waveguide runs like the ones developed at SLAC, but without pulse compression. • Sets of two klystrons will be driven by a single modulator /transmitter system. • Low Level RF controls will be based on the NLC designs developed and tested at SLAC. Slide 23 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Beamline, Klystron and RF distribution • The distance from the accelerating structures and the klystron outputs will be 6 m vertical and 8 m horizontal. • Transitions from rectangular to circular waveguide will be used to further minimize waveguide loss. Klystron Gallery Beam Tunnel Slide 24 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Overview • Purpose of Ma. RIE • Project Goals • Project Facilities • Ma. RIE X-band Linac • Requirements • Design Basis • Review of Major Design Parameters • Linac and RF system design • Conclusions Slide 25 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Conclusions • The Ma. RIE project at LANSCE is needed to perform the materials science experiments that will open the “micron frontier”. • We have a pre-conceptual design for the Ma. RIE linac, but we want to work with the X-band community to explore improvements to the linac and RF systems’ predicted performance. • We are open to more collaborators. Slide 26 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
Thanks • We would like to thank Chris Adolphsen, Sam Chu and the rest of the RF team at SLAC for their invaluable assistance with the RF considerations for this project. • We also thank Paul Emma and the FEL designers at SLAC for their assistance. Slide 27 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA UNCLASSIFIED
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