Operant Conditioning Module 19 1 Garber 2017 Learning
Operant Conditioning Module 19 1 Garber 2017
Learning Operant Conditioning Overview § Skinner’s Experiments § Extending Skinner’s Understanding § Skinner’s Legacy § Contrasting Classical & Operant Conditioning 2 Garber 2017
Edward L. Thorndike ( 1874– 1949) Garber 2017 3
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box link 4 Garber 2017
t o n e s r e a x e o s B e r h e T inn k S 5 Garber 2017
Early Operant Conditioning • E. L. Thorndike (1898) • Puzzle boxes and cats First Trial in Box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Scratch at bars Push at ceiling After Many Trials in Box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Dig at floor Howl Etc. Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Dig at floor Howl Etc. Press lever 6 Garber 2017
Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again. Yale University Library 7 Garber 2017
Mnemonic BLOWS Behaviorism Learned Observable Watson Skinner B. F. Skinner (1904– 1990) Garber 2017 8
B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning • Operant conditioning involves learning how to control one’s response to elicit a reward or avoid a punishment (to press a lever for example) • Classical conditioning involves an automatic response to a stimulus Garber 2017 9
General Skinnerian Idea • “Behavior is a function of its consequences. ” 10 Garber 2017
Operant Conditioning § Operant Behavior § operates (acts) on environment § produces consequences § Respondent Behavior (classical) § occurs as an automatic response to stimulus § behavior learned through classical conditioning Garber 2017 11
Operant Chamber § Skinner Box § chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer § contains devices to record responses 12 Garber 2017
Operant Chamber Examples. Walter Dawn/ Photo Researchers, Inc. From The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning, 3 rd Edition by Michael P. Domjan, 2005. Used with permission by Thomson Learning, Wadsworth Division 13 Garber 2017
a t o n. x s i o s b i h e l T zz u p 14 Garber 2017
Shaping • You can train a slime mold to run through a maze. • See, e. g. , Atsushi Tero, Ryo Kobayashi, and Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Journal of Theoretical Biology 244, no. 4 (2007): 553 -64 16 Garber 2017
Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations. link Fred Bavendam/ Peter Arnold, Inc. Khamis Ramadhan/ Panapress/ Getty Images A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes. Garber 2017 17
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Types of Reinforcers Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Reuters/ Corbis A heat lamp positively reinforces a meerkat’s behavior in the cold. 21 Garber 2017
Types of Reinforcement • Positive reinforcer (+) • Negative reinforcer (-) – Adds something rewarding following a behavior, making that behavior more likely to occur again – Giving a dog a treat for fetching a ball is an example – Removes something unpleasant that was already in the environment following a behavior, making that behavior more likely to occur again – Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache is an example 22 Garber 2017
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Learned Helplessness • Failure to try to avoid an unpleasant stimulus because in the past it was unavoidable • Possible model for depression in humans 27 Garber 2017
Plagu e 28 Garber 2017
Punishment An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows. 29 Garber 2017
Kinds of Reinforcement and Punishment Positive + Negative – (adding stimulus) (removing stimulus) Reinforcement (label afterwards to describe increase in behavior) Punishment (label afterwards to describe decrease in behavior) 30 Garber 2017
Kinds of Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement (label afterwards to describe increase in behavior) Positive + Negative – (adding stimulus) (removing stimulus) Pos. Reinf. (Adding pleasant consequence) Punishment (label afterwards to describe decrease in behavior) 31 Garber 2017
Kinds of Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement (label afterwards to describe increase in behavior) Positive + Negative – (adding stimulus) (removing stimulus) Pos. Reinf. Neg. Reinf. (Adding pleasant consequence) (Removing Aversive Stimuli) Punishment (label afterwards to describe decrease in behavior) 32 Garber 2017
Kinds of Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement (label afterwards to describe increase in behavior) Punishment (label afterwards to describe decrease in behavior) Positive + Negative – (adding stimulus) (removing stimulus) Pos. Reinf. Neg. Reinf. (Adding pleasant consequence) (Removing Aversive Stimuli) Pos. Pun. (Adding aversive stimuli) 33 Garber 2017
Kinds of Reinforcement and Punishment Reinforcement (label afterwards to describe increase in behavior) Punishment (label afterwards to describe decrease in behavior) Positive + Negative – (adding stimulus) (removing stimulus) Pos. Reinf. Neg. Reinf. (Adding pleasant consequence) (Removing Aversive Stimuli) Pos. Pun. (Adding aversive stimuli) Garber 2017 Neg. Pun. (Removing pleasant stimuli) 34
Examples • Don’t panic, you do not have to write these 35 Garber 2017
Negative Reinforcement and Punishment Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus Punishment 1. Introducing an unpleasant stimulus 1. Unpleasant stimulus = 2. Withholding a pleasant stimulus 2. Removal of unpleasant stimulus = 36 Garber 2017
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Figure 6. 18 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement 38 Garber 2017
Figure 6. 20 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment 39 Garber 2017
IMPORTANT!! • Negative reinforcement is NOT punishment. • Negative reinforcement is the REMOVAL of unpleasant stimulus when target behavior is observed (a positive consequence of behavior – increases behavior) • Punishment is the introduction of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus or removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of behavior – ( a negative consequence of behavior - decreases behavior. 40 Garber 2017
Primary & Secondary Reinforcers 1. Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink. (satisfies a biological need) 2. Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcer: A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer. Garber 2017 41
Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers 1. Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. A rat gets a food pellet for a bar press. 2. Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior. A paycheck that comes at the end of a week. Garber 2017 42
Reinforcement Schedules 1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs. 2. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement: Reinforces a response only part of the time. Though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on. 43 Garber 2017
Schedules of Reinforcement • Partial or intermittent reinforcement lies between continuous reinforcement and extinction 44 Garber 2017
Schedules of Reinforcement § Fixed Ratio (FR) § reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses § faster you respond the more rewards you get § very high rate of responding § like piecework pay 45 Garber 2017
Schedules of Reinforcement § Variable Ratio (VR) § reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses § like gambling, fishing § very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability § Skinner link 3: 58 SLOT machines show SLOwes. T extinction. Garber 2017 46
Schedules of Reinforcement § Fixed Interval (FI) § reinforces a response only after a specified (fixed) time has elapsed § response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near 47 Garber 2017
Schedules of Reinforcement § Variable Interval (VI) § reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals § produces slow steady responding § like pop quiz 48 Garber 2017
Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules Summary Based on Number of necessary responses Based on Time that must first pass Predictable Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Unpredictable (“On the Average”) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI) 49 Garber 2017
Schedules of Reinforcement 50 Garber 2017
• You do not have to write down the following examples. 51 Garber 2017
FI, VI, FR, or VR? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When I bake cookies, I can only put one set in at a time, so after 10 minutes my first set of cookies is done. After another ten minutes, my second set of cookies is done. I get to eat a cookie after each set is done baking. After every 10 math problems that I complete, I allow myself a 5 minute break. I look over my notes every night because I never know how much time will go by before my next pop quiz. When hunting season comes around, sometimes I’ll spend all day sitting in the woods waiting to get a shot at a big buck. It’s worth it though when I get a nice 10 point. Today in Psychology class we were talking about Schedules of Reinforcement and everyone was eagerly raising their hands and participating. Miranda raised her hand a couple of times and was eventually called on. 1. FI 2. FR 3. VI 4. VI 5. VR 52 Garber 2017
FI, VI, FR, or VR? 6. Madison spanks her son if she has to ask him three times to clean up his room. 7. Emily has a spelling test every Friday. She usually does well and gets a star sticker. 8. Steve’s a big gambling man. He plays the slot machines all day hoping for a big win. 9. Snakes get hungry at certain times of the day. They might watch any number of prey go by before they decide to strike. 10. Mr. Bertani receives a salary paycheck every 2 weeks. (Miss Suter doesn’t ). 11. Christina works at a tanning salon. For every 2 bottles of lotion she sells, she gets 1 dollar in commission. 12. Mike is trying to study for his upcoming Psychology quiz. He reads five pages, then takes a break. He resumes reading and takes another break after he has completed 5 more pages. 6. FR 7. FI 8. VR 9. VI 10. FI 11. FR 12. FR 53 Garber 2017
FI, VI, FR, or VR? 13. Megan is fundraising to try to raise money so she can go on the annual band trip. She goes door to door in her neighborhood trying to sell popcorn tins. She eventually sells some. 14. Kylie is a business girl who works in the big city. Her boss is busy, so he only checks her work periodically. 15. Mark is a lawyer who owns his own practice. His customers makes payments at irregular times. 16. Jessica is a dental assistant and gets a raise every year at the same time and never in between. 17. Andrew works at a GM factory and is in charge of attaching 3 parts. After he gets his parts attached, he gets some free time before the next car moves down the line. 18. Brittany is a telemarketer trying to sell life insurance. After so many calls, someone will eventually buy. Garber 2017 13. VR 14. VI 15. VI 16. FI 17. FR 18. VR 54
Updating Skinner’s Understanding • Skinner’s emphasis on external control of behavior made him an influential, but controversial figure. • Many psychologists criticized Skinner for underestimating the importance of cognitive and biological constraints. 55 Garber 2017
Cognitive Approach Emphasizes abstract and subtle learning that could not be achieved through conditioning or social learning alone. 56 Garber 2017
Cognition & Operant Conditioning Evidence of cognitive processes during operant learning comes from rats during a maze exploration in which they navigate the maze without an obvious reward. Rats seem to develop cognitive maps (E. C. Tolman), or mental representations, of the layout of the maze (environment). This is LATENT LEARNING 57 Garber 2017
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Latent Learning 59 Garber 2017
Cognition (thinking) • Response rates remain highest when organisms anticipate that behavior will result in reinforcement. • Anticipation is a cognitive phenomena. 63 Garber 2017
Intrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. Extrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments. 64 Garber 2017
Biological Predisposition Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. Marian Breland Bailey 65 Garber 2017
Skinner’s Legacy Skinner argued that behaviors were shaped by external influences instead of inner thoughts and feelings. Critics argued that Skinner dehumanized people by neglecting their free will. Falk/ Photo Researchers, Inc . Garber 2017 67
Applications of Operant Conditioning Behavioral therapies and token economies are practical applications of Behavioral Theory. In School Garber 2017 68
THE END 69 Garber 2017
Preview Question A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following? A. B. C. D. E. An operant response A discriminative stimulus An unconditioned response An unconditioned stimulus A classically conditioned response
Preview Question A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following? A. B. C. D. E. An operant response A discriminative stimulus An unconditioned response An unconditioned stimulus A classically conditioned response
Preview Question Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur? A. B. C. D. E. Partial reinforcement A behavioral consequence A stimulus substitution Spontaneous recovery Delayed conditioning
Preview Question Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur? A. B. C. D. E. Partial reinforcement A behavioral consequence A stimulus substitution Spontaneous recovery Delayed conditioning
Preview Question The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called A. B. C. D. E. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Distributed practice Modeling Shaping
Preview Question The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called A. B. C. D. E. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Distributed practice Modeling Shaping
Preview Question Which of the following is the best example of shaping? A. A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room B. An employee receives a termination notice after coming into work late every day over a period of three months C. A child gets a candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the nest two times. D. A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday E. A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.
Preview Question Which of the following is the best example of shaping? A. A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room B. An employee receives a termination notice after coming into work late every day over a period of three months C. A child gets a candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the nest two times. D. A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday E. A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.
Preview Question Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul’s actions are an example of which of the following techniques? A. B. C. D. E. Modeling Shaping Rehearsal Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement
Preview Question Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul’s actions are an example of which of the following techniques? A. B. C. D. E. Modeling Shaping Rehearsal Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement
Preview Question The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah’s father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as A. B. C. D. E. negative reinforcement spontaneous recovery shaping latent learning implicit learning
Preview Question The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah’s father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as A. B. C. D. E. negative reinforcement spontaneous recovery shaping latent learning implicit learning
Preview Question Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? A. B. C. D. E. Shaping Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Omission training
Preview Question Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? A. B. C. D. E. Shaping Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Omission training
Preview Question Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology? A. A study of the unconscious motives involved in behavior B. An introspective study of the mental imagery used in problem solving C. An analysis of the neurons involved in memory storage D. The use of a projective test to assess personality E. A study of how reinforcement affects learning
Preview Question Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology? A. A study of the unconscious motives involved in behavior B. An introspective study of the mental imagery used in problem solving C. An analysis of the neurons involved in memory storage D. The use of a projective test to assess personality E. A study of how reinforcement affects learning
Preview Question Staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous. Which of the following psychotherapeutic approaches is being used? A. B. C. D. E. Assertiveness training Cognitive therapy Behavioral therapy Humanistic Therapy Psychoanalytic therapy
Preview Question Staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous. Which of the following psychotherapeutic approaches is being used? A. B. C. D. E. Assertiveness training Cognitive therapy Behavioral therapy Humanistic Therapy Psychoanalytic therapy
Preview Question Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true? A. The praise functions as a positive reinforcer. B. The praise functions as a generalized stimulus. C. The grades function as the stimulus that elicits a response. D. The grades function as a discriminant stimulus. E. The school functions as a negative reinforcer.
Preview Question Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true? A. The praise functions as a positive reinforcer. B. The praise functions as a generalized stimulus. C. The grades function as the stimulus that elicits a response. D. The grades function as a discriminant stimulus. E. The school functions as a negative reinforcer.
Preview Question To stop his uncle’s constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy’s behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement? A. B. C. D. E. Intermittent Positive Negative Vicarious Delayed
Preview Question To stop his uncle’s constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy’s behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement? A. B. C. D. E. Intermittent Positive Negative Vicarious Delayed
Preview Question If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff on a cigarette, which of the following behaviormodification techniques is being used? A. B. C. D. E. Systematic desensitization Modeling Aversive conditioning Homogeneous reinforcement Interlocking reinforcement
Preview Question If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff on a cigarette, which of the following behaviormodification techniques is being used? A. B. C. D. E. Systematic desensitization Modeling Aversive conditioning Homogeneous reinforcement Interlocking reinforcement
Preview Question Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the A. B. C. D. E. Behavior is complex Behavior was very recently acquired Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior Punishment is delivered by someone with authority Punishment is both mental and physical
Preview Question Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the A. B. C. D. E. Behavior is complex Behavior was very recently acquired Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior Punishment is delivered by someone with authority Punishment is both mental and physical
Preview Question Money most often modifies people’s behavior because it is a powerful A. B. C. D. E. negative reinforcer secondary reinforcer conditioned stimulus high-order stimulus discriminative stimulus
Preview Question Money most often modifies people’s behavior because it is a powerful A. B. C. D. E. negative reinforcer secondary reinforcer conditioned stimulus high-order stimulus discriminative stimulus
Preview Question A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules? A. B. C. D. E. Fixed-interval Fixed-ratio Variable-interval Continuous
Preview Question A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules? A. B. C. D. E. Fixed-interval Fixed-ratio Variable-interval Continuous
Preview Question Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? A. B. C. D. E. Noncontingent Shaping Variable ratio Fixed interval
Preview Question Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? A. B. C. D. E. Noncontingent Shaping Variable ratio Fixed interval
Preview Question One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it A. B. C. D. E. Did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings Did not take into account overt physical behaviors Did not take into account accumulated experiences Focused primarily on childhood experiences Focused primarily on the unconscious
Preview Question One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it A. Did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings B. Did not take into account overt physical behaviors C. Did not take into account accumulated experiences D. Focused primarily on childhood experiences E. Focused primarily on the unconscious
Preview Question B. F. Skinner’s claim that the environment determines an individual’s behavior was criticized for A. failing to explain how personality can change over time B. failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior C. failing to acknowledge situational factors D. attributing behavior solely to genetics E. emphasizing unconscious influences on behavior
Preview Question B. F. Skinner’s claim that the environment determines an individual’s behavior was criticized for A. failing to explain how personality can change over time B. failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior C. failing to acknowledge situational factors D. attributing behavior solely to genetics E. emphasizing unconscious influences on behavior
Preview Question In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called A. B. C. D. E. latent learning extinction partial reinforcement observational learning classical conditioning
Preview Question In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called A. B. C. D. E. latent learning extinction partial reinforcement observational learning classical conditioning
Preview Question Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called A. B. C. D. E. conceptualization learning social learning latent learning schematic learning insight learning
Preview Question Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called A. B. C. D. E. conceptualization learning social learning latent learning schematic learning insight learning
Preview Question Which of the following is reduced during a fightor-flight reaction? A. B. C. D. E. Adrenaline level Glucose level Respiration rate Heart rate Digestion
Preview Question Which of the following is reduced during a fightor-flight reaction? A. B. C. D. E. Adrenaline level Glucose level Respiration rate Heart rate Digestion
Preview Question A mental image of a spatial layout is called A. B. C. D. E. an algorithm a mental set a heuristic a cognitive map insight
Preview Question A mental image of a spatial layout is called A. B. C. D. E. an algorithm a mental set a heuristic a cognitive map insight
Preview Question When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of A. B. C. D. E. procedural memory latent learning regression telegraphic speech retroactive interference
Preview Question When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of A. B. C. D. E. procedural memory latent learning regression telegraphic speech retroactive interference
Preview Question Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e. g. , those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts? A. B. C. D. E. Biological preparedness Spontaneous recovery Stimulus discrimination Stimulus generalization Observational learning
Preview Question Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e. g. , those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts? A. B. C. D. E. Biological preparedness Spontaneous recovery Stimulus discrimination Stimulus generalization Observational learning
Preview Question Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen? A. B. C. D. E. Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Gestalt
Preview Question Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen? A. B. C. D. E. Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Gestalt
Preview Question Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the A. perceived locus of control of adults who experience panic attacks B. formation of emotional attachments to significant others C. defense mechanisms used by depressed adults and children in stressful situations D. genetic basis for schizophrenic disorders E. effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
Preview Question Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the A. perceived locus of control of adults who experience panic attacks B. formation of emotional attachments to significant others C. defense mechanisms used by depressed adults and children in stressful situations D. genetic basis for schizophrenic disorders E. effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
Preview Question Token economies are based on which theoretical perspective? A. B. C. D. E. Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Behavioral Gestalt
Preview Question Token economies are based on which theoretical perspective? A. B. C. D. E. Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Behavioral Gestalt
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