Operant Conditioning AP Psychology Learning What is Operant

  • Slides: 31
Download presentation
+ Operant Conditioning AP Psychology: Learning

+ Operant Conditioning AP Psychology: Learning

+ What is Operant Conditioning? n Type of learning in which the frequency of

+ What is Operant Conditioning? n Type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior increases or decreases depending on the consequence that follows the behavior.

+ How is it different from Classical Conditioning? Operant n These behaviors are voluntary,

+ How is it different from Classical Conditioning? Operant n These behaviors are voluntary, the learner chooses the behavior based on the consequence that follows the action n Ex: a student who receives extra credit for raising his or her hand will more likely raise his or her hand again because of the reward that followed VIDEO: Sheldon Trains Penny Classical n These behaviors are respondent, the behaviors occur as an automatic response n Ex: Pavlov’s dogs did not CHOOSE to salivate, it automatically occurred VIDEO: BGSU

+ Edward Thorndike n Thorndike’s Law of Effect n Behaviors which are rewarded will

+ Edward Thorndike n Thorndike’s Law of Effect n Behaviors which are rewarded will be more likely to be repeated n Behaviors that are punished will be less likely to be repeated Puzzle Box

+ Struggles with Operant Conditioning n Because these behaviors are voluntary, it may take

+ Struggles with Operant Conditioning n Because these behaviors are voluntary, it may take awhile as we have to wait for the behavior to occur n Can n B. F. be slow and tedious Skinner and the Skinner Box n Behaviorism Perspective n Created an atmosphere in which the researcher could control the events that lead to voluntary behaviors n The Skinner Box and pigeons

+ Reinforcement n The presentation of a stimulus or event (reinforcer) that follows a

+ Reinforcement n The presentation of a stimulus or event (reinforcer) that follows a behavior or response, which increases the chances of the behavior or response being repeated. n Shaping—an operant conditioning technique, which uses reinfocers, like rewards to guide desired behavior.

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Positive Reinforcement n Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Positive Reinforcement n Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by following the behavior with a desired or favorable stimulus or event. n The addition (+) of a favorable stimulus following a behavior increases that behavior happening again. Video: Sheldon Trains Penny II

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Positive Reinforcement n. A teacher wants to increase the amount

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Positive Reinforcement n. A teacher wants to increase the amount of students raising their hand in class n Positive reinforcement by giving extra credit (favorable stimulus) after each time a student raises their hand (the desired behavior) n This results in students raising their hands more often in class (increasing behavior)

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Negative Reinforcement n Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Negative Reinforcement n Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by following the behavior by removing an undesirable stimulus or event. n The subtraction (-) of an undesirable stimulus following a behavior increases the chances that behavior happening again.

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Negative Reinforcement n. A teacher wants to increase the amount

+ Methods of Reinforcement: Negative Reinforcement n. A teacher wants to increase the amount of students raising their hand in class n Uses Negative reinforcement by telling her students that if they raise their hand more in class (desired behavior) then they do not have to take a quiz on Friday (removing undesirable stimulus) n Results in students raising their hands more often in class (increasing behavior)

+ Types of Reinforcers: Primary Reinforcer n An innate stimulus that satisfies a biological

+ Types of Reinforcers: Primary Reinforcer n An innate stimulus that satisfies a biological need n Ex: n. A Food, Water coach promises his team that after a win they could get ice cream (primary reinforcer)

+ Types of Reinforcers: Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer n. A learned reinforcer that gains valued

+ Types of Reinforcers: Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer n. A learned reinforcer that gains valued through its association with a primary reinforcer n Ex: Money n. A boss offers incentives, like bonuses for good work

+ Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement n The reinforcer is given after every desired

+ Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement n The reinforcer is given after every desired response n Teaches behavior quickly n Quickly extinguished when reinforcement is no longer provided. Partial Reinforcement n The reinforcer is only given after a certain, not every desired response n Prevents, or at least slows extinguishing the desired behavior

+ Types of Partial Reinforcement Schedules n Fixed-Interval Schedule n Variable-Interval n Fixed-Ratio Schedule

+ Types of Partial Reinforcement Schedules n Fixed-Interval Schedule n Variable-Interval n Fixed-Ratio Schedule n Variable-Ratio Schedule

+ Fixed-Interval Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a specific (fixed) time (interval) period

+ Fixed-Interval Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a specific (fixed) time (interval) period Example: n. A teacher gives a quiz every Friday (fixed—every Friday/interval time schedule based on time/days). n The quiz every Friday increases the desired behavior of studying.

+ Variable-Interval Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a varying (unpredictable) time (interval) period

+ Variable-Interval Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a varying (unpredictable) time (interval) period Example: n. A teacher frequently gives pop quizzes (variable— never know when it is coming). n The threat of a pop quiz increases the desired behavior of studying.

+ Fixed-Ratio Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a specific (fixed) number, or amount

+ Fixed-Ratio Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a specific (fixed) number, or amount (ratio) Example: n. A person gets their 5 th cup of coffee free after previously buying 4 cups. n The promise of a 5 th cup free increases the desired behavior of buying cups of coffee.

+ Variable-Ratio Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a varying (unpredictable) number, or amount

+ Variable-Ratio Schedule n Reinforcer is delivered after a varying (unpredictable) number, or amount Example: n Casino slots will pay off after an undetermined (variable) number of pulls (ratio) n The possibility of winning money increases the number of times people will pull the lever.

+ Punishment n The presentation of a negative, or aversive stimulus, or the removal

+ Punishment n The presentation of a negative, or aversive stimulus, or the removal of a pleasant stimulus that follows an undesirable behavior n Resulting in decreasing or lowering that behavior. Punishment=Decreases undesirable behavior Reinforcement=Increases desired behavior

+ Methods of Punishment: Positive Punishment n An undesirable action or response is presented

+ Methods of Punishment: Positive Punishment n An undesirable action or response is presented following a behavior n Resulting in decreasing the behavior

+ Methods of Punishment: Positive Punishment n. A teacher uses positive punishment by giving

+ Methods of Punishment: Positive Punishment n. A teacher uses positive punishment by giving (adding) detentions to students who were excessively talking and would not do their work. • The teacher hopes to decrease the amount of talking in class by adding detentions.

+ Methods of Punishment: Negative Punishment n. A desirable action, or event is removed

+ Methods of Punishment: Negative Punishment n. A desirable action, or event is removed following an undesirable behavior n Resulting n Also in decreasing the behavior known as “Omission Training”

+ Methods of Punishment: Negative Punishment n. A teacher uses negative punishment by taking

+ Methods of Punishment: Negative Punishment n. A teacher uses negative punishment by taking away (subtracting) recess from the day because the students were talking and would not do their work. • The teacher hopes to decrease the amount of talking by subtracting away recess

+ The Good Effects of Punishment n Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors if…

+ The Good Effects of Punishment n Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors if… n It comes immediately after the undesired behavior n It is consistent and not occasional n Especially useful if teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior n Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment

+ Problems with Punishment n Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior. n

+ Problems with Punishment n Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior. n Only tells what NOT to do while reinforcement tells what to do. n Doesn’t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher in a “safe setting” n Can lead to fear of the punisher, anxiety, and lower self-esteem n Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems.

+ Let’s Review…

+ Let’s Review…

+ Positive/Negative Reinforcement BOTH ARE GOOD THINGS!!!

+ Positive/Negative Reinforcement BOTH ARE GOOD THINGS!!!

+ Positive/Negative Punishment

+ Positive/Negative Punishment

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning