Open Source Copyright Copyleft CPS 82 Fall 2011

Open Source, Copyright, Copyleft CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 1

Toward Open Source l http: //tinyurl. com/yqfcq (Groklaw) l Copyright law, guarantees protections Ø Ø l Exclusive right to copy Exclusive right to create derivative works Exclusive right to distribute work Exclusive right to perform/display work Fair use exceptions, First Amendment tension, facts and ideas vs their expression CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 2

FOSS: Free and Open Source Software l What does free mean? Ø Ø l Open Source Ø Ø l Speech and beer Grounded in ethics, social responsibility Development method Appeals to “Fortune 500” more than free About reliability, performance, security, … CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 3

FOSS: Personalities l Richard Stallman Ø rms' web page l Accomplishments Ø Ø Ø Ø CPS 82, Fall 2011 GNU (gnu's not Unix) Lots of tools: gcc and more Copyleft GPL: 1989 Mac. Arthur (1990) Grace Hopper award National Academy of Engineering Free as in speech 5. 4

FOSS: Personalities (continued) l Accomplishments Ø l Cathedral and Bazaar Eric Raymond Ø esr's web page • Open Source->Business Ø "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow" • Attributed to Torvalds Ø Halloween documents Ø Open Source and OSI CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 5

FOSS: Personalities (continued) l Linus Torvalds Ø Linus' Blog l Accomplishments Ø Linux, early '90 s • Unix, Minix, Linux CPS 82, Fall 2011 Ø Open Source advocat Ø Still "oversees" Linux development Ø 9/2010, US Citizen 5. 6

fsf. org: Four Essential Freedoms l l The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish (freedom 1). The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so the whole community benefits (freedom 3). CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 7

http: //www. gnu. org/copyleft/ l To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then we add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's code or any program derived from it but only if the distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable. Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users' freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we reverse the name, changing “copyright” into “copyleft. ” CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 8

Open Source, www. opensource. org 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Free Redistribution: can’t force, can’t prevent sale Source code: must be available, cheap or free License to modify, redistribution with same terms Integrity of author’s source (patchable, versioning) No discrimination against persons or groups CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 9

Open Source, www. opensource. org No discrimination against fields of endeavor 7. Distribution “no strings”, no further licensing 8. License not bound to whole, part redistribution ok 9. No further restrictions, e. g. , cannot require open 10. Technology neutral 6. CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 10

Open Source licenses l Copyleft licenses compared to free licenses Ø Ø l GPL is the Gnu Public License Ø l Copyleft is “viral”, requires redistribution to be the same or similar Free licenses have no downstream restrictions Currently v 3, complex, legal license X 11 or BSD or Apache Ø All are free/open, but not viral, e. g. , permit commercial, proprietary products CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 11

Viral License l Connotations of “viral” Ø Ø l GPL is viral Ø l Is viral marketing ok? Wikipedia neutrality dispute Threat to intellectual property GPL is not viral Ø It’s not even infectious, you have a choice CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 12

Freedom, Ethics, Law l What does Stallman want? Ø Freedom B 1 Freedom B 2 alternative Link Alive on 9/19/2011 Ø Freedom RMS Ø l Firefox, You. Tube, Video, Ethics Ø Ø What is H. 264? What is HTML 5? Theora? Pragmatics v principles in Ogg [Vorbis|Theora] CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 13

Copyrights and Licensing l Most software is licensed rather than sold Ø Ø Ø l Why isn’t it sold? First-sale doctrine Are EULAs valid? According to whom? Can I back up my software? DVD/CD? Tale of three logos Ø Linux CPS 82, Fall 2011 Windows SQlite 5. 14

License and Royalty l http: //www. inventionstatistics. com/Licensing_Royalty_Rates. html Ø Ø l Who gets the best royalty rates? mp 3: 100 Million euros in 2005 (Wikipedia) Patent grants license Why do companies cross-license on patents? Why isn’t this a copyright issue? Ø Ø What is copyrightable? What is patentable? CPS 82, Fall 2011 5. 15

EULA for software l First sale doctrine applies to atoms (books) Ø Ø l EULAs and Terms of Service Ø Ø l What about bits? Office, Lion, … Get Office from OIT, sell it? Old version? When do you agree to terms of service? Lori Drew, cyberbullying, TOS? Do EULAs stand up in court? http: //bit. ly/9 a. OLn. B CPS 82, Ø Fall http: //bit. ly/dptxrq 2011 Ø 5. 16