Open knowledge open innovation A challenge to the

Open knowledge – open innovation - A challenge to the commercialization of knowledge and information and to the ethical foundation of the information society Rainer Kuhlen UNESCO Chair in Communications University of Konstanz, Germany Department of Computer and Information Science URL: www. kuhlen. name; email: rainer. kuhlen@uni-konstanz. de Round Table on the Role of UNESCO in the Construction of Knowledge Societies through the UNITWINUNESCO Chairs Programme 18 November 2005 Salle Saint-Augustin - Kram Exhibition This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation UNESCO Chairs in Communication in the West Europe and North America region Rosental Calmon Alves - both Knight Chair in Journalism and UNESCO Chair in Communication Jan Annerstedt - Professor in the Copenhagen Business School Claudine Carluer - University Stendhal-Grenoble Rainer Kuhlen – Professor for Information at the University Konstanz Jean-Paul Lafrance - “Chaire UNESCO-Bell en communication et développement international” of the University of Québec at Montréal (UQAM) Manuel Parés I Maicas - professor at the Institute for Communication of the Autonomous University of Barcelona Antonio Sànchez-Bravo - Universidad Complutense de Madrid This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Creative Commons – Science Commons This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Who owns knowledge? This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Who owns knowledge? 10. We recognise that access to information and sharing and creation of knowledge contributes significantly to strengthening economic, social and cultural development, thus helping all countries to reach the internationally-agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. Tunis Commitment Document WSIS-05/TUNIS/DOC/7 -E 15. 11. 2005 This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Potentials and opportunities for development This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Knowledge and information are potentials for development economic social political individual cultural balances This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Knowledge and information are potentials for development economic social political cultural individual balances 98. To strengthen the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, additional approaches should be examined, such as a system of indicators to measure progress in the realization of the rights set forth in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. There must be a concerted effort to ensure recognition of economic, social and cultural rights at the national, regional and international levels. VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION WORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS Vienna, 14 -25 June 1993 This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation balances for development have been drastically shifted towards the economic interest in exploitation economic social political individual cultural This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation balances for development have been drastically shifted towards the economic interest in exploitation Tunis commitment Ø econom* 10 times Ø cultural 7 times Ø social 5 times Ø individual 2 times Ø polit 0 (government 11 times – civil society 4 times) This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Some alarming tendencies/deficits in higher education with respect to information and communication competence This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Googlerization of higher education This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation some alarming tendencies/deficits in higher education with respect to information and communication competence Googlerization of higher education and deficits in information and communication competence Most students in higher education increasingly rely on search results which they obtain from international commercial search engines (mainly Google) without being able to evaluate the quality of these search engines or of their ranking algorithms and without having the competence to evaluate the results of the search presented to them according to criteria such as correctness/truthworthiness and relevance. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation some alarming tendencies/deficits in higher education with respect to information and communication competence Students (and university teachers/researchers increasingly as well) tend to neglect (be it due to convenience or ignorance or incompetence or lack of financial resources) traditional (reliable, peer-reviewed) resources of knowledge and information which are provided by professional information services, such as global domain-specific online-data bases, virtual libraries, e-science portals This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation some alarming tendencies/deficits in higher education with respect to information and communication competence Consequences UNESCO Chairs in communication, in their field of competence, need to strengthen information and communication competence (information literacy) by developing and offering pertinent courses in their environment by raising public and political awareness for the importance of information literacy in addition to general computer literacy. Information and communication literacy is more than computer literacy. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation some alarming tendencies/deficits in higher education with respect to information and communication competence Consequences training programs for information and communication competence should be developed cooperatively by UNESCO Chairs in Communications and exchanged electronically – supported by ORBICOM This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information The increasing commercialization of knowledge and information in education and science has a negative effect on access to information and on the availability of knowledge, which is indispensable for education and growth of science and, consequently, for innovation in economy. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information In addition, the enforcement of copyright regulations (in Europe and North America in the last 20 years), which heavily supports the commercial exploitation of knowledge and information (not necessarliy creators´ rights), makes it more and more difficult to freely access the world-wide information resources in principle available on the world-wide information markets. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information IPR no longer a means of innovation or of protection of individal rights, but a means of exploitation and of impediment for development This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information Consequences UNESCO Chairs in Communication, although well aware that modern societies are highly dependent on an innovative and productive information and knowledge industry, should strongly support all efforts which aim at strengthening free access to knowledge and information in education and science (and with “free” I really mean “cost free” as in “free beer”). This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information Consequences In particular the UNESCO Chairs in Communciation should support activities in the broader paradigm of open access. Open access – access to (scientific) information in this paradigm is actually free (again - free of any costs for users) – is an innovative counter model to the existing and increasing monopoly of commercial exploitation of knowledge and information. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Open access is a prerequisite for communication This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information Consequences Open access –an innovative counter model Open access is a prerequisite for communication and the right to communicate is the basic right in science and In this respect education – Tunis has not been a as well as a communication prerequisite for individual social, cultural, political develoment -friendly environment Communication (let alone right to communicate) does not occur in the Tunis Commitment nor in the Tunis Agenda (only 2 times in connection with technology or infrastructure) This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information Consequences Open access is the prerequisite for communication and the right to communcate is the basic right in science and education Therefore the communication and open access concept and free licensing models (such as CC) need to be supported world-wide by UNESCO Chairs in Communication. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information Consequences Supporting all means of free access does not mean a “war” against commercial information markets. In knowledge societies, free and open access cannot be in opposition to commercial interests in the exploitation of knowledge and information. In the contrary: This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Commercialization of knowledge and information Consequences the more open and free access to knowledge and information in education and science is, the higher the chances for innovation in industry and commerce. This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Conclusion This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation conclusion Main contradiction in contemporary societies Knowledge and Information as public goods (as commons) could be totally freely accessible and usable for everyone as it never has been in the history of mankind In reality access to knowledge and information (as private goods) has been so complicated and restricted, has never been subject to filtering, blocking and control and has never been distributed unequally as This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation conclusion Paradigm shift need As long as free access and free use are considered annoying exceptions from the exclusive right to exploit knowledge and information, there will be no free and open knowledge societies By the way, intellectual property rights, no to mention the challenge to reformulate the property concepts for k & i is neither mentioned in the Tunis Commitment nor in the Tunis Agenda – forgotten or on purpose? This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation conclusion Paradigm shift need u free use of k& i only as an exception Knowledge societies should u free use of k & i must not reformulate old three-step-exploiting use Øthe Commercially of knormal & i commercial hamper test – the iron rule of exploitation only as an exception u free use of k & i must not commercialized information Ø Commercially exploiting use of kunreasonably &i hamper societies must not hamper free usecreators´rights of k & i Ø Free use of k & i must not hamper unreasonably creators´rights This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation conclusion There is still a lot to do for UNESCO Chairs in Communications to accelerate the progress towards knowledge societies This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs

Open knowledge – open innovation Thank you for your attention Slides (under CC licence): http: //www. kuhlen/name This file will be publisher und der following Creative-Commons-License : http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2. 0/de/ Rainer Kuhlen – Open knowledge – open onnovation - UNESCO Round Table – Role of UNESCO Chairs