OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION An Open book examination is

OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION

� � � An Open book examination is one in which examinees are allowed to consult their class notes , text books and other approved materials while answering questions Restricted Unrestricted

� Restricted type of open book examination, students are permitted to bring into the examination room one or more specific documents approved by the course instructor. � Unrestricted open book examination- there are no restriction on what the students can bring

Online examination

� � � E- examination Conducted through the internet or in an intranet for a remote candidates Given limited time to answer the questions and after the expiry the answer paper is disabled automatically and answers sent to the examiner The examiner will evaluate answers through automated process Results sent to the candidates through e mail or made available to the web site

Advantages of online examination � � � � Conducted for remote candidates Evaluation fully automated process Conducted at any time Less cost No need of paper No invigilators No need of exam centers

Disadvantages � � Lack of facilities No guarantee for safeguard against power cut during examination No question paper given to students to cross check later Inability of invigilating

Semester system of examination

Semester system � � � Academic year divided into two terms 14 -20 weeks 90 -110 working days

advantages � � Reduce work load Inculcate regular study habit Learn at their own pace Can clear idea about subject b 4 moving into next semester

Disadvantage � � Lack of enough time Block long term memory

Statitics Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis , interpretation , presentation and organization of data Definition � “Statistics are aggregates of facts affected to a marked extend by multiplicity of causes numerically expressed , enumerated or estimated according to a reasonable standard of accuracy , collected in a systematic manner for a pre determined purpose and placed in relation to each other” Horace Secrise �

Importance / functions of Statistics � � � � It simplify complexity It presents facts in a definite and precise form It helps condensation It enables comparison of data It helps in testing It helps in prediction It helps in formulating policies

Utility of statistics � � � � In the field of business and industry In business management In economics For administration In the field of research For planning For bankers, brokers and insurance companies

Measures of central tendency � � � It is defined as a single measure representing all the scores of a distribution Firstly it gives a general picture of the variable measured in a large group Secondly it provide the basis of comparison with other group Mean Median mode

Importance / uses/ functions of measures of central tendency � � � It give a general picture about the whole group It is used for summarizing the data It helps comparison It helps in decision making It represent the universe It constitute the basis of statistical analysis

Averages and average � Averages is the other term used for measures of central tendency. ie mean , median and mode � Average is arithmetic mean

Mean (x) � � � It is also known as arithmetic mean It is mathematical average It is a method of representing the whole data by one figure ∑X N ∑f. X N

Merits � � � It is simple to understand It can be easily calculated It can be determined most of the cases It is based on all the observation of the series It is stable( not differ from to sample)

Median � Middle score of a set of scores, when they are arranged either in the ascending or descending order of their magnitude N+1 th item 2

Merits � � It is very simple to measure It is not affect to extreme scores It can be determined graphically also It is suitable average in the case of open end class series

Mode is the value of the item of a series which occurs most frequently � Therefore model value has highest frequency Merits -Very simple among measure of central tendency -It eliminate extreme variations -mode can be located graphically also -mode is the value which occurs most frequently �

Measures of dispersion � � � The statically measures used to determine the nature and extent of dispersion of the scores are known as measures of dispersion Range Quartile deviation Mean deviation Standard deviation

Range difference between highest and lowest scores. H- L Quartile deviation half the distance between the 3 rd and 1 st quarters Q 3 -Q 1 2 Mean deviation Average of the deviations of the scores taken from the mean ∑x 1 N Standard deviation SD is the square root of the average (mean) of the squares of deviations of the scores Taken from the mean. √ ∑(X 1)2 2 �

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA � � One of the important function of statistics is to present the complex data in a manner by which it can be easily understood Diagrams and graphs is one of the statistics method which simplifies the complex of quantitative data and make them easily intelligible

Uses / merits � � � It helps in presenting quantitative facts in simple, clear effective picture It permits easy visualization It can be used for the purpose of comparison It save time in understanding data Facts can be understood without much mathematical calculation It helps for interpretation and conclusion

Histogram � Histogram is a graph in which frequencies are represented by bars , arranged on testing next.

Frequency curve � A continuous frequency distribution can be represented by a smoothed curve

Frequency polygon � It is obtained by joining the plotted points by straight line

Ogive � � A frequency distribution when cumulated , we are get cumulative frequency distribution A series can be cumulated two ways Less than cumulative or more than cumulative Smoothed frequency curve drawn for these two cumulative series are called ogive or cumulative frequency curve Less than ogive or more than ogive

Bar diagram consists of a series of bars of equal width Equal gap between one bar and another �

Pie diagram a circle chart divided into rectangular area proportional to the percentage of the whole Sales 1 st Qtr 2 nd Qtr 3 rd Qtr 4 th Qtr

Use of ICT in evaluation process

Spread sheet package � � � Spread sheet package is a numeric data analysis tool , which allows us to create a kind of computerized ledger A manual ledger is a book having rows and columns which accountants use for keeping a record of financial transaction and for preparing financial statements Eg. Microsoft excell, open office calculator , google docs spread sheet

Uses of spread sheet � � � � Recording grades and marks of students Carrying out various types of analysis the grades by educators For analyzing experimental results by researchers and scientists For creating personal budgets Preparing budget for schools Preparing payroll Preparing other accounting records