Onto KADS A core ontology to develop expertise

Onto. KADS A core ontology to develop expertise models of the Common. KADS methodology Bruaux S. & Kassel G. La. RIA – University Jules Verne of Picardie - FRANCE Workshop on Core Ontologies in Ontology Engineering Held in conjunction with EKAW 2004 8 th October 2004 Laboratory for Research in Computer Science – Amiens (FRANCE) http: //www. laria. u-picardie. fr

Broad outlines 1. Introduction 2. The Onto. KADS’ methodology: overview 3. The Onto. KADS’ ontology: overview 4. The kernel of the Onto. KADS’ ontology 5. Conclusion and perspectives 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 2

Introduction (1/7) Motivations Previous works: u Modelling 3 tasks of simulation codes calibration [Bruaux, 2002] v Modelling a “generic” task of calibration with the Common. KADS methodology A limitation of the method: the primitive of “knowledge role” [Bru. , Kas. & Mor. , 2003] 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 3

Introduction (2/7) The Common. KADS’ “knowledge role” primitive [Schreiber & al. , 1999] • roles are inputs/outputs of inferences • roles are expressed by means of abstract names 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 4

Introduction (3/7) Problem: the identification of roles (1/3) Role ? y = ax + b 03/11/2020 role inference role “simulation parameter” Domain concept ? Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 5

Introduction (4/7) Problem: the identification of roles (2/3) abstract names (Data, Result) + understandable inference structure dedicated terms (Code. To. Calibrate, Simulation. Parameter) = knowledge roles easy distinction between “concrete roles” and domain concepts (Simulation. Code, Model. Parameter) 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 6

Introduction (5/7) Problem: the identification of roles (3/3) In short: • Abstract roles Knowledge • Concrete roles role domain concept 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 7

Introduction (6/7) First attempts to clarify the meaning of the notion of role Reynaud C. and al. (1997). The Notion of Role in Conceptual Conjecture 1999]: Modeling. In [Kassel, Proceedings of the 10 th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop: EKAW’ 97, San Feliu de Guixolls, Bonn: Springer Verlag , p. 221 -236. “It is necessary to distinguish the roles played by objects from the roles played by concepts. ” Kassel G. (1999). PHYSICIAN is a role played by an object, whereas SIGN is a role played by a concept. In Proceedings of the IJCAI’ 99 Workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods: The “abstract roles” or “knowledge roles. Lessons ” in Learned and Future Trends, Stockholm (Sweden), August 2, 1999, p. 6 the sense of Common. KADS are roles played -1 -6 -9. by concepts. 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 8

Introduction (7/7) Using a formal framework to precise the meaning of Common. KADS’ modelling primitives · The ontology of Particulars DOLCE [Masolo & al. , 2003], which contains top-level concepts and relations - e. g. : PHYSICAL OBJECT, , EVENT, Participates. In, Is. Agent. Of • The Formal Ontology of Properties [Guarino & Welty, 2000], which introduces meta-concepts - e. g. : SORTAL, FORMAL ROLE, TYPE, QUASI-TYPE 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 9

Broad outlines 1. Introduction 2. The Onto. KADS’ methodology: overview 3. The Onto. KADS’ ontology: overview 4. The kernel of the Onto. KADS’ ontology 5. Conclusion and perspectives 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 10

The Onto. KADS methodology Overview First step: using Onto. KADS to build an application ontology Onto. KADS Problem-solving-driven application ontology 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 11

The Onto. KADS methodology Overview Second step: translating the application ontology into a Common. KADS’ expertise model Problem-solving-driven application ontology Common. Kads’ Task expertise model Task Method 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 12

Broad outlines 1. Introduction 2. The Onto. KADS’ methodology: overview 3. The Onto. KADS’ ontology: overview 4. The kernel of the Onto. KADS’ ontology 5. Conclusion and perspectives 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 13

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (1/7) DOLCE in short (1/2) Particular Endurant participates Perdurant DOLCE e. g. , object, substance. . . e. g. , event, process. . . 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 14

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (2/7) DOLCE in short (2/2) The relation of participation: PC(x, y, t) def. “x (ED) participates in y (PD) during t” e. g. : the AUTHOR (APO) of an article PARTICIPATES in the WRITING (AC) of the article” 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 15

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (3/7) Using the Formal Ontology of Properties in short (1/2) Rigid classifies Anti-rigid classifies 03/11/2020 Person Author Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 16

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (4/7) Using the Formal Ontology of Properties in short (2/2) The relation of classification: Cf(x, y, t) def. “The type x classifies the instance y during t” Øe. g. : “SABINE (instance) is the AUTHOR (concept) of the article” “The AUTHOR (concept) is ANTI-RIGID (meta-concept)” 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 17

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (5/7) The problem-solving sub-ontology: an extension of DOLCE C The problem-solving ontology implements two main categories of entities: • acts of Reasoning intervening in problem-solving situations - e. g. : Diagnosing, Calibrating • entities intervening in these Reasonings - e. g. : Person, Knowledge. Expression, Agent, Data 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 18

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (6/7) The sub-ontology of meta-concepts C The ontology of meta-concepts implements the Common. KADS’ modelling primitives to “classify” the Onto. KADS’ concepts: input role inference output role sign cover hypothesis c CF(Task, diagnosis, t), CF( Inference, cover, t), CF(Knowledge. Role, sign, t), CF(Domain. Concept, car, t) 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 19

The Onto. KADS ontology Overview (7/7) Structure of the Onto. KADS’ ontology DOLCE __ Onto. KADS __ Domain Concepts Particular Perdurant Endurant Roles Action Reasoning Communicating Tasks, Inferences 03/11/2020 Domain Concepts Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Transfert Functions 20

Broad outlines 1. Introduction 2. The Onto. KADS’ methodology: overview 3. The Onto. KADS’ ontology: overview 4. The kernel of the Onto. KADS’ ontology 5. Conclusion and perspectives 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 21

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge (1/5) Conjecture [Bruaux & Kassel, 2004]: “Entities bearing on Reasonings in terms of data/results are expressions of knowledge. ” This knowledge is expressed by means of an expression code (a language) and inscribed on a support. 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 22

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge (2/5) car Diagnosis Task Low. Battery. Level Empty. Fuel. Tank Low. Battery. Level Complaint Empty. Fuel. Tank Hypothesis 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 23

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge (3/5) Calibration Task simulation code y = ax + b 03/11/2020 equations of a numerical model Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 24

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge (4/5) The I&DA ontology introduces Content. Bearing. Objects which are expressions (signifiers) of a Content (signified). The I&DA sub-ontology [Fortier & Kassel, 2004] to account for: • the different means of expression; • the expressed different knowledge/contents. 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 25

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge (5/5) DOLCE __ I&DA __ ED POB Inscription NPOB Content. Bearing. Object Linguistic. Object Term Text 03/11/2020 Discourse Iconic. Object Content Proposition Assertion Hypothesis Concept Information Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Complaint 26

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of “participative roles” ED Beginning. Participant End. Participant Data Code. To. Calibrate 03/11/2020 Patient Determinant Agent Substrate Result Calibrated. Code Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 27

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles (1/4) Three meta-concepts of the Formal Ontology of Properties [Guarino & Welty, 2000] are interesting for our study: • role: an anti-rigid concept dependent of an external entity • formal role: a role lacking an identity criterion - e. g. : PATIENT, INSTRUMENT • material role: a role carrying an identity criterion - e. g. : STUDENT 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 28

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles (2/4) Definition of a MATERIAL ROLE: example of the EMPLOYEE concept (TYPE) PERSON (FORMAL ROLE) HUMAN RESOURCE (MATERIAL ROLE) EMPLOYEE 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 29

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles (3/4) By analogy with the previous definitions, we define three notions of "knowledge role": • Knowledge. Role: a role dependent on a Reasoning • Formal. Knowledge. Role: a Knowledge. Role lacking an identity criterion (e. g. : Calibration. Data, Diagnosis. Result) • Material. Knowledge. Role: a Formal. Knowledge. Role carrying an identity criterion, which it inherits from a Type constrained to be a Proposition (e. g. : Code. To. Calibrate) 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 30

The kernel of the Onto. KADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles (4/4) Onto. KADS __ (I&DA __) ED (Content) (Proposition) Data Result Code Hypothesis Calibration. Data Diagnosis. Result Code. To. Calibrate 03/11/2020 Diagnosis. Hypothesis Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 31

Broad outlines 1. Introduction 2. The Onto. KADS’ methodology: overview 3. The Onto. KADS’ ontology: overview 4. The kernel of the Onto. KADS’ ontology 5. Conclusion and perspectives 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 32

Conclusion and perspectives Synthesis of our main contributions (1/2) • The Onto. KADS ontology has led us to revisit Common. KADS’ modelling primitives: in particular, the Knowledge. Role meta-concept differs from the meaning given to the “knowledge role” notion in Common. KADS. • The participants in Reasonings (Tasks) are not objects or state of objects (Domain. Concepts) but Propositions (Knowledge. Role) having Domain. Concepts as subjects. 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 33

Conclusion and perspectives Synthesis of our main contributions (2/2) Two categories of Knowledge. Roles: - Formal. Knowledge. Roles, referring to particular Reasonings ►e. g. : Calibration. Data, Diagnosis. Result - Material. Knowledge. Roles, referring to particular Reasonings and to particular Contents ►e. g. : Code. To. Calibrate, Calibrated. Code 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 34

Conclusion and perspectives Future works Works presented here are progressing in three main directions: 1. the evaluation of the Common. KADS’ primitives to specify problem-solving methods: in particular, force the methods’ Inputs/Outputs to be Knowledge. Roles would have some consequences on these methods 2. the integration in Onto. KADS of all generic Reasonings identified in analytic and synthetic Reasonings 3. the devolopment of a software, at a conceptual level, based on the TERMINAE platform to support the Onto. KADS methodology 03/11/2020 Workshop on Core Ontologies - Onto. KADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. 35

Thank you for your attention • To contact the authors of this paper : Sabine Bruaux, mailto: bruaux@laria. u-picardie. fr Gilles Kassel, mailto: kassel@laria. u-picardie. fr • For + infos about team works : http: //www. laria. u-picardie. fr/equipe_ingenierie_connaissances. html 03/11/2020 Conférence IC'2003 - Etude Critique de Common. KADS 36