Onsite Systems Nutrients and the Wakulla Springshed Wakulla

Onsite Systems, Nutrients, and the Wakulla Springshed Wakulla Symposium May 12, 2005 By Eberhard Roeder, Ph. D. , P. E. Bureau of Onsite Sewage Programs FL Dept. of Health, Division of Environmental Health 1

Outline of the Presentation • • How do septic/onsite systems work? What can be done about nutrients? What are best management practices? What are suggestions for the Wakulla Springshed? 2

How do onsite systems work? Septic Tank Aerobic Treatment Unit Performance Based Treatment System Groundwater 2 feet between bottom of drainfield and seasonal high water 3 table

(Average) Treatment Expectations c. BOD 5 (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) TN TP (mg/L) Syste m Type Standard Septic system below drainfield at groundwater interface <5 <5 25 -40 Secondary Treatment <20 Advanced Secondary <10 Treatment <10 <20 <10 PBTS Florida Keys <10 <10 <1 PBTS Advanced Wastewater <5 <5 <3 <1 <5 ATU 4

What can be done about nutrients? • No sewage • Limit flow and/or number of OSTDS per acre. This approach has been in Florida OSTDS rules for at least 30 years. • Increased Treatment: – Recycle to plants (drip-irrigation, generally in conjunction with an ATU) – High-performance treatment at onsite scale (tested in Keys Demonstration Study, proposed for Wekiva). • Natural attenuation: – In some areas, nitrogen and phosphorus decrease subsequent to the drainfield in the groundwater and don’t appear to affect surface water (St George Island Study, Indian River Lagoon Study). – In some areas this natural attenuation process appears to be less important (Lake Okeechobee Study, Karst Study) 5

Karst Study • Manatee Springs State Park Bath Houses – Rapid transport of tracers – Nitrate concentrations in excess of drinking water standards at many monitoring wells – Phosphorus elevated – Few fecal coliform observations River Front 6 Upland (On top of cave)

~60 feet Conceptual Flow Model: Upland Average Nitrate Concentration (mg/L) 0. 4 0. 6 12 21 0. 6 0. 1 Sue Sink Drainfield Manatee Spring ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 Cave

Conceptual Flow Model: River Front ~30 feet Suwannee River Average Nitrate Concentration (mg/L) 29 23 15 0. 3 Drainfield M-1 Core. M-2 Core. M-3 Core ? ? ? M-1 Core. M-2 Core. M-3 Core M-4 Core ? ? ? K=5. 2 E-7 cm/s 4. 5 fine, medium sand 6. 5 6. 0 wackestone fine, medium ? ? ? sand 6. 6 poor recovery 4. 5 5. 9 K=1. 0 E-7 cm/s K=1. 5 E-5 cm/s K=6. 0 E-3 cm/s 8. 1 ? ? ? 7. 0 K=4. 4 E-4 cm/s 8. 0 medium sand rubbly 7’-17’ limestone ? ? ? Screen K=1. 4 E-5 cm/s ? ? ? 3 ft of washout K=2. 7 E-4 cm/s 6. 5’-11. 5’ 8. 6 packstone 10 K=failed due tomedium channelingsand 8. 4 fine, medium sand Screen 10’-20’ K=5. 0 E-6 cm/s K=1. 7 E-4 cm/s ? ? ? 12. 5 packstone 11. 7 packstone ? ? ? K=1. 3 E-4 cm/s Screen 16. 2’-26. 2’ 19 medium sand. K=3. 4 E-4 cm/s K=9. 6 E-5 cm/s K=2. 8 E-4 cm/s 17 wackestone K=4. 4 E-4 cm/s K=1. 9 E-4 cm/s K=5. 7 E-5 cm/s 25. 7 K=3. 2 E-5 cm/s K=4. 0 E-4 cm/s K=3. 3 E-5 cm/s packstone 25. 5 packstone 26. 5 wackestone. K=5. 2 E-6 cm/s 31. 5 packstone ? ? ? ? ? 30. 0 packstone ? ? ? Groundwater washout, poor recovery 15 medium sand ? ? ? ? ? Screen 19. 3’-29. 3’ ? ? ? poor recovery 22. 5 packstone 25 wackestone poor recovery, washout 34. 4 packstone 30 medium sand 35 wackestone 8

Nitrogen in the Wakulla Springshed Delta N-15 as indicator of Nsource in residential drinking water wells in the Wakulla Springs area <3 artifical fertilizer >10 animals/sewage Data from Chellette, Pratt and Katz, 2002 Wakulla Springs 9

What are Florida’s management practices? • • Standard Septic Systems: – Homeowner education – Design and construction (water table separation, soil textures) standards – Missing: regular inspection and maintenance requirement Aerobic treatment units: – Units third-party tested to meet performance criteria. – Operating permit requires homeowner contract with qualified maintenance entity. – Regular inspection required Performance-based treatment systems: – Engineer-designed and in most cases third-party tested – Operating permit requires homeowner contract with qualified maintenance entity – Regular inspection and sampling required Some demonstration/pilot projects have explored sewer districts with authority over onsite systems to achieve reliable maintenance and monitoring. EPA emphasizes this solution. 10 http: //www. epa. gov/owm/septic/pubs/septic_guidelines. pdf

Some Suggestions for the Wakulla Springshed • • • What is the problem? Nutrient contributions to groundwater (22% for TN) or possible pathogen indicator contributions to stormwater from failing systems Where is natural attenuation ineffective? Spring vulnerability mapping and groundwater monitoring to confirm priority (unconfined) areas for protection What is an effective mix of approaches? – Nnutrient-reducing treatment in vulnerable areas by either onsite systems, DEP package plants or connection to a larger WWTP. – A funding and coordinating entity will be necessary, especially to involve onsite systems, which serve mostly populations in the urban fringe and rural areas (counties) • Further information about onsite research http: //www. doh. state. fl. us/environment/ostds/researchreports. htm 11