ONLINE CORC 1332 EESC 1010 FALL 2013 Tuesday

ONLINE CORC 1332 / EESC 1010 FALL 2013 Tuesday October 29 th 6: 05 -7: 45 pm 1310 N • The Power. Point is to help you focus on what will be on the exam. • The exam will consist of approx. 40 questions (multiple choice and T/F) • You are responsible to bring with you: pencil, calculator, string and ruler *Cell phones cannot be used during exam including as a calculator * Exam 1 Office hours …. Also posted on website (Please see the syllabus) Bring with you specific questions so we can best help you. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and other debris such bones or shells) and need not have a specific chemical composition. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/mineral_def. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture are mineral properties that describe the way a mineral breaks when stressed. Cleavage describes the way a mineral breaks along its plane of weakness. Fracture: A mineral property where the atomic bonding between atoms in the crystal structure uniform, with bonds of equal strength throughout. When these minerals are stressed they shatter making no two pieces truly the same. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/cleave_def. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties Understand what defines a substance as a crystal. Difference between crystal and crystalline texture and examples of each. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/crystals_cause. html http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/crystals_def. html

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistant to abrasion. This property is easily determined and is used widely for field identification of minerals. ►Know the difference between MOH’S hardness scale and the “simple” STEEL NAIL-FINGERNAIL scale. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/hardness_def. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. Density = Weight/Volume 1) Begin by recording the weight of the specimen, in this case 155. 8 grams. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity 2) The amount of water displaced is 20 ml = 20 cc (920 -900) 3) Divide 155. 8 g/20 cc = 7. 79 g/cc. So, the density of the mineral is 7. 79 g/cc. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/density_def. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW WHAT IS STREAK. The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in finely powdered form. The streak maybe completely different from the color of the hand specimen. One of the simplest ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a specimen across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/streak_def. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄ HARDNESS DENSITY STREAK COLOR You’ll be asked to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which will be given to you in the test. Link to mineral ID charts and self-checking table: http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/minerals/resource. Menu_min. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps You will be responsible to answer questions similar to those on your map assignment. This includes: • Finding the gradient • Labeling contours • Determining stream direction BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Flow In what general direction is the stream flowing? Ans: From West to East (The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? 1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1. 5 cm = 100 miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles? 2) We measure the distance between points Q and T which is 8. 5 cm = x miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance Between 2 Points Calculations BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance Between 2 points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Ans: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Labeling Contours Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’? Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Labeling Contours Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 500 500 Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft f= 600 ft h= 650 ft k= 650 ft BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Gradient of a Steam What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T? Gradient refers to the steepness between two points. To calculate the gradient we take the difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by the horizontal distance (HD). First will determine the horizontal distance of the stream. 1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R

Maps: Gradient of a Steam 2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5. 25 in. . 5938 5. 25 . 5938 * 5. 25 . 5938 3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100 miles =. 5938 in *. 5938 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shotyour measurements will vary depending on screen resolution. 4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left). The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which refers to the horizontal distance. BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Gradient of a Steam Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T. Begin by labeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine the contour interval of R and T. Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Gradient of a Steam 5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft) 500 ft - 400 ft = 100 ft Difference in elevation is = 100 ft Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 ft Elevation of point Q = 583 ft Start Point: Q End Point: R 500 f= 600 ft h= 650 ft k= 650 ft 500 BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Gradient of a Steam To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD): To Calculate Gradient: (Using the numbers from the previous slides) Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles Gradient= ED = HD 100 ft = 0. 11 feet/mile 884 miles *Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)* BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Azimuth Direction 500 Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 500 What is the azimuth direction from the start point towards the end point? Using the protractor we can determine the azimuth direction to be approximately 9 o (“ 9 degrees”). http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/maps/compa. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance What is the distance between points B and F in miles? First, we determine the distance between points B and F on the map in inches with the ruler. We measure 2 4/16 OR 2. 25 inches one inch = 2. 54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance What is distance between points B and F in miles: Next we determine the scale of the map, which we are told 1: 60, 000 (1 inch = 60, 000 inches). Now we can convert the map measurement (2. 25 inches) using the scale 1: 60, 000. 1 in = 60, 000 in 2. 25 in X X = 135, 000 inches one inch = 2. 54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance Lastly, we convert 135, 000 inches to feet then to miles. one inch = 2. 54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet The distance between points B and F in miles is: 2. 1 miles BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? The distance on the map from point A to point C is: 1 9/16 in OR 1. 5625 in one inch = 2. 54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? Next, Determine how many map units make up 1. 5625 inches. Solve for X by cross multiplying: 1. 5625 in = X 1 in 60, 000 in X = 93, 780 inches one inch = 2. 54 cm one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Distance Now we convert 93, 780 inches into FEET, then into MILES and finally Miles into KILOMETERS. one foot = 12 inches one mile = 5280 feet one mile = 1. 6 km The distance between points A and C in kilometers is 2. 4 km BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Topographic Features Closed Depression Gentle Slope-widely space contours Describing Topography: Be able to identify topographic features on a geologic map. Steep Slope: narrow spaced contours Hill http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com /maps/top_describe_menu. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Topography Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles: BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Topography Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles: 1 B 2 E 3 D 4 C 5 F 6 A BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

What is an outcrop? What is bedrock? What are the differences between the two? ►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material. ►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop. http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/maps/nyc_mins 2/bedrock_rollover. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area Be able to identify all areas on the map. Could you: --Identify each borough, body of water and New Jersey? --Name the borough located furthest North, South, East West? http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/maps/geog_nyc_menu 2. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Longitude and Latitude http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/maps/latlong_menu. html Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator. For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow) Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian. For Example the Longitude of J is 71 o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow) BROOKLYN COLLEGE Earth & Environmental Sciences

Maps: Longitude and Latitude Determining the latitude and longitude of a point What is the latitude and longitude at point J? Answer: Latitude (Horizontal) 5 o 59’ 45” North Longitude (Vertical) 71 o 00’ 00” West http: //www. brooklyncollegegeology. com/maps/lat_long. html BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Maps: Longitude and Latitude What is the latitude and longitude at point H? For the latitude: (pink arrows) We see that point H is between 5 o 59’ 45” and 6 o 00’ 00” so we have 15” in between. We take half of 15” which is about 8” and add those 8” to 45” to get a latitude of 5 o 59’ 53”. For the longitude: (blue arrows) We see that point H lies between 71 o 00’ 00” and 71 o 00’ 45” so we have 45” in between. Take half of 45” which is about 23” so we add those seconds to 00” to get a longitude 71 o 00’ 23”. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT