One World One Health Approach Habibur Rahman and
One World One Health Approach Habibur Rahman and Vijayalakshmy Kennady (ILRI) Strategy Workshop on Foodborne Diseases, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, India, 21 November 2019 Better lives through livestock…………
INTRODUCTION o Human beings, Animals and Plants are co-existing in the same environment, o They cannot exist in isolation and o All are part of a larger communities Human Health Animal Health Environmental Health Plant Health
Impact of animal diseases on human health q Global of Food Animals production is reduced by more than 20% due to diseases q Even animal diseases not transmissible to human may lead to serious public health problems due to shortage and deficiencies of Animal Source Food
Burden of Zoonoses Greatest Burden of Zoonoses falls on One Billion Poor Livestock Keepers (ILRI) o 2. 3 billion cases of human illness with 1. 7 million human deaths per year o More than one in seventh of all livestock per year are infected in poor countries
Economic Impact of zoonoses Disease Country Financial Loss BSE UK US Japan $ 10 -13 bn $ 3. 5 bn $ 1. 5 bn Plaque India $ 2. 0 bn Avian Flu Asia New Zealand Italy India (Kerala) $ 5– 10 bn $ 500 m $ 400 m Rs. 1, 50, 000 m Rs. 20 m (Duck outbreak) SARS China, Hong Kong, Singapore, $ 30 -50 bn Canada Nipah Malaysia $ 350 -400 m Ebola West Africa $ 53. 0 bn
Emerging and Reemerging Infections
Why one health? Factors that affect Human and Animal Health Why now. . . (Factors) As a result…(Impact) Human populations are growing and As a result, more people live in close expanding into new geographic contact with wild and domestic animals. areas Close contact provides more opportunities for diseases to pass between animals and people The earth has experienced changes Disruptions in environmental conditions in climate and land use, such as and habitats provide new opportunities deforestation and intensive farming for diseases to pass to animals practices International travel and trade have increased As a result, diseases can spread quickly across the globe
Definition v One Health concept was officially adopted in 1984 v It is a concept to bring together human, animal, and environmental health. One Health is defined as a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach — working at the local, regional, national, and global levels — with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. One Health is the collaborative effort of multiple health science professions, together with their related disciplines and institutions – working locally, nationally, and globally – to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment. ’ (One Health Commission, 2011)
History Hippocrates Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Theobald Smith Demonstrated the links between animal and human health Rudolf Virchow Calvin Schwabe James Harlan Steele
One World One Health - Events • Wildlife Conservation Society – One World One Health 2004 • 12 Recommendations – Manhattan Principles • One Health Approach was recommended by AMA for Pandemic Preparedness 2007 • The AMA collaborated with AVMA & passed the One Health Resolution promoting partnership between human and veterinary medicine • FAO, OIE, WHO collaborate with UNICEF, UNSIC and the World Bank to develop joint 2008 strategic framework • USAID launched the Emerging Pandemic Threats Program 2009 • The One Health Office was established at CDC • The Tripartite concept published 2010 • UN and World Bank recommended adoption to One Health Approach • One Health Commission st 2011 • The 1 One Health Conference in Africa • ICOPHAI - Ethiopia 2012 • First One Health Summit • ICOPHAI - Brazil 2013 - • ICOPHAI - Thailand 17 • ICOPHAI - Qatar 2019 • ICOPHAI - Canada
One World, One Health - Manhattan Principles 1. One Recognize the essential link between human, domestic animal and wildlife health and World, One Health - Manhattan Principles the threat disease poses 2. Recognize that decisions regarding land water use have real implications for health 3. Include wildlife health science as an essential component of global disease prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation 4. Recognize that public health programs can greatly contribute to conservation efforts 5. Devise adaptive, holistic and forward-looking approaches to the prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation of emerging and resurging diseases that take the complex interconnections among species into full account 6. Integrate biodiversity conservation perspectives and human needs when developing solutions to infectious disease threats 7. Reduce demand for and better regulate the international wildlife and bush meat trade 8. Restrict the mass culling of wildlife species for disease control 9. Increase investment in the global human and animal health infrastructure 10. Form collaborative relationships among governments, local people, and the private and public sectors 11. Provide adequate resources and support for global wildlife health surveillance 12. Invest in educating and raising awareness among the world's people 33
Increased Human-Animal -Wildlife Interface Bush Meat Trade Wet Markets Agricultural Encroachment, and Wildlife Habitat Loss
Disease Emergence pathway at Human-Animal Interface Emergence & Re-emergence Land use change Human encroachment, extractive industries, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, urbanisation &urban planning Food and Agricultural systems Intensifying /expanding farming systems, greater livestock density, trade networks and globalisation , unregulated/irregular use of drugs & vaccines, biosecurity Human Behaviour Hunting & consumption practices, cultural patterns& processes, travel capabilities, breakdown of governance, antimicrobial usage pattern Environmental systems Climate change, natural disasters, periodic climate systems
Geographical hotspots for Zoonotic diseases (country)
Main factors influencing the emergence of animal diseases according to the period of time FACTOR 2007 2017 2027
Emerging and Re-emerging infections in India
Foodborne diseases cost India about $28 billion (Rs 1, 78, 100 crore) or around 0. 5% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) every year (‘Food for All' partnership of the World Bank Group and The Netherlands)
AMR – A Global Threat
Bio-Terrorism Bioterrorism o Intentional or deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other agents used to causeillness or death in people, animals, or plants o Ex: • Anthrax • Smallpox • Nipah • Botulinum toxin o Bioterrorism Act of 2002 - According to this law, there is an essential element of national preparedness against bioterrorism and the focus is on safety of drugs, food, and water from biologicalagents and toxins o India is yet to have a law on bioterrorism
Goal - Six Strategies 1. More preventive action at the animal–human–ecosystems interface 2. Building more robust public and animal health systems with a shift from short term to long-term intervention 3. Strengthening the national and international emergency response capabilities to prevent and control disease outbreaks 4. Better addressing the concerns of the poor by shifting focus from developed to developing economies 5. Promoting institutional collaboration across sectors and disciplines 6. Conducting strategic research to enable targeted disease control programs
MDG and SDG
Rabies: A Perfect example of One Health o Physicians to vaccinate & treat victims o Veterinarians to vaccinate & sterilize dogs & cats o Wildlife experts to advise on wild animal reseviours o Ecologists to tell responsible authorities o Sanitarians to eliminate garbage that feeds strays o Educators to teach people to vaccinate their pets o Media to inform about risks & prevention, e. g. bats
One Health program in India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mo. U between ICAR – ICMR (AMR, Brucellosis, Biofortified foods) Establishment of National Institute of Zoonoses INFAR – Indian Network of Fish and Animal AMR One Health India Conference 2019 IDSP
Missed opportunity • 460 medical colleges and 56 veterinary colleges in India, but do have little or no coordination • Indian subcontinent is a ‘hotspot’ for zoonotic, drug-resistant and vector -borne pathogens. But we know little about the key threats • Governance structure and inter-sectorial coordination is also problematic, with human, animal and environmental health controlled by different ministries, with little cross-talk • National Health Policy approved recently but there no mention of “zoonoses” and “emerging infectious diseases”
Organizations working on One Health Ø World Health Organization (WHO) Ø Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Ø World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Ø One Health Initiative Ø US Centers for Disease Control Ø Eco. Health Alliance
CONCLUSION o Adequate infrastructure and expertise at national and local levels, and at entry points o Timely and responsive disease surveillance systems for animal and human populations o Up-to-date emergency preparedness and response plans o Capacity to apply international agreements and standards o Continuous evaluation and improvement of biosecurity o Governance and legislation in line with international standards o Adequate and sustainable laboratory capacity supported by external quality assurance systems o Established monitoring and evaluation systems for Veterinary and Public Health Services o A communication protocol between animal and public health surveillance systems
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