On the Brink of War Deadly Social Factors
On the Brink of War
Deadly Social Factors Invite War • Four factors led the Imperialist European Powers, in 1914, into one of the greatest, most destructive wars in world history. • We have seen these factors at work in other studies. – They are still causing problems in today’s world.
I. Alliances • Nations joined together to protect themselves from dangerous, militarist powers. • I. Alliances • As alliances got bigger, the chance of war also grew.
Entente: • a loose agreement to follow similar policies. • 1893: France and Russia ally (Entente Cordial) – France fears German aggression against it in Europe and Africa – Russia is concerned about • Germany making closer relations to the Ottoman Empire. • German support of Austria-Hungary against Russia’s ethnic ally, Serbia (Slavic). – 1904, France makes an Entente with Great Britain
III. Militarism: • The glorification of the military. • The industrial countries based their pride and relations with other countries on their military strength. – Germany’s Otto von Bismarck said, that Germany would resolve its international differences with military force, not words. • “Blood and Iron” speech • Arms Race: • Many nations turned industries to producing “high-tech” weapons to intimidate others to give up their own lands and plans. – Nations sent spies to find out about these weapons • Stole plans • Committed sabotage
Alsace and Lorraine: • Territories France lost to Germany in 1871. –France wanted its pride recovered by regaining them.
The Balkans • EC: By the 1910 s, events were getting very dangerous in the Balkan region of Europe What are the countries? (7) – – – – Serbia Montenegro Albania Greece Bulgaria Romania Ottoman Empire (map, p. 353).
Serb Nationalism • In the Austro-Hungarian territory of ________, the Serb minority was demanding self-rule. • Bosnia-Herzegovina,
A Tragic State Visit • Austro-Hungarian crown prince, ____________, went to Sarajevo, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, to show the people their ruler. • Archduke Franz Ferdinand, • The Serbian terrorist group, ________, sent many agents there to try to kill him. • the Black Hand • Gavrilo Princip succeeded in walking up to the archduke’s car and shot Ferdinand his wife dead.
EC: Chain reaction • Austria-Hungary soon accused _____ of helping the Black Hand. • Serbia • Germany promised Austria-Hungary a _________ of support if it went to war. • “blank check”
Ultimatum: • a final set of demands. – Austria-Hungary threatened immediate war unless Serbia met its conditions: • Must end all support of anti-Austrian activities and groups. • Must let Austria investigate the incident, in Serbia. – Serbia did not agree to all the demands and Austria declared war, July 1914.
Mobilize: • prepare the military for war. • Germany declared war on Russia when Tsar Nicholas II ordered his troops to get ready to fight Austria-Hungary.
Neutrality: • policy of not supporting any side in a war. • Italy did not immediately join its Central Power allies. • Britain also remained neutral with the Allies. • The United States would trade with both alliances.
A Thrill • Generally, there was much excitement: – Surge of patriotism – Propaganda in each nation said that they were fighting for justice and a better world • Excited youth enlisted – Adventure – Families, friends expected them to
II. Imperialism • Another factor causing WW I. – Industrial nations were jealous of the global lands held by others and looked for weaknesses. – The competition between France and Germany • threatening wars in Africa and • caused the Franco-Prussian War in the 1870 s – Britain was worried about Germany • taking more lands in the world and • starting arguments with France and others about territories in Europe. – When one nations controls many other nations, that is called imperialism
IV. Nationalism • Industrial nations believed their own nation was superior to others. This strong emotion is called: • Nationalism (a factor causing WW I) – their culture had the right to control others and the affairs of the planet • • • Austria-Hungary, Germany, Britain, France Russia
1882—the Triple Alliance-– EC: Germany allied with (2) • Austria-Hungary: – ethnic ally (both countries were Germanic) » Germany was concerned about France wanting revenge for the Franco-Prussian War » Austria-Hungary worried about Serbian nationalists and their support from Serbia and Russia. • Italy – weak ally since it had just been fighting for independence from Austria-Hungary
Britain joins • EC: 1904: Britain signs an agreement with (2) – France – and later Russia: • EC: Entente Cordial becomes the – Triple Entente • Britain is concerned with German aggression in world affairs – It wants to protect the European “balance of power” • (no country is militarily strong enough to intimidate or attack its neighbors).
nationalism • EC: Old empires like ______ and _________ were fighting to prevent minority groups from getting independence taking more of their lands. (2) – Austria-Hungary – the Ottoman Empire
nationalism • Newly freed nations like Serbia, supported freedom of Serbians still living on lands in countries like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. • Russia was promoting a movement to protect and unite Slavic people all over Europe. – “Pan-Slavism” • Serbians and Russians are Slavs. • Serbs lived in the southern regions (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia) of Austria-Hungary. • Russia felt it a duty to help Serbs become free.
Deadly Nationalists • EC: Some Serbians formed a terrorist group, – the Black Hand. • They performed sabotage, assassinations, and encouraged the people to rebel. – From Serbia, next door, they got » money, » leadership, » equipment • Russia supported and protected Serbia.
Map Skills, p. 353: • 2. Why would Germany worry about the alliance between France and Russia? • France and Russia bordered Germany on two sides and could attack it from each direction. • 3. Which alliance do you think had the greater military advantage in 1914? • The Allies appear to have a greater advantage. – More troop strength – Surround the Central Powers
Standards Check, p. 353 • What two large alliances took shape before the beginning of WWI • The Triple Alliance, – made up of Germany, Italy, and Austria. Hungary • The Triple Entente, – made up of France, Britain, and Russia.
The Plan von Schlieffen Plan • EC: For several decades, long before WW I, Germany had planned how to fight a rapid war, on two fronts, against …. . (2) • France – Defeat them quickly • Russia. . . – Will mobilize slowly so they will be attacked second. – The Plan
Image, p. 354 • How are the people pictured showing pride in their military? • Watching the parade • Saluting the soldiers on horseback • Waving hats and handkerchiefs
Standards Check, p. 355 • How did international competition and nationalism increase tensions in Europe? • Antagonism and suspicion caused by – Economic competition – Imperialist rivalries – Arms race • Nationalism – Austria-Hungary – Ottoman Empire
Biography, p. 355 • How did the Kaiser’s desire for respect influence his policies? • His desire for respect may have driven him to – build up the German military – Win colonies – Best the other European powers economically.
Standards Check, p. 355 • What happened because of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand his wife? • Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and took the opportunity to attack Serbia. • Germany backed Austria-Hungary
Chart Skills, p. 356 • Why did the Russians feel that Germany started the war? • Russians might feel that Germany started the war because of their support of Austria -Hungary and eventual invasion of Belgium, which was a neutral country.
Standards Check, p. 357: • How did the alliance system deepen the original conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia into a general war? • Alliances drew more and more countries into the war. – Even though it was a regional war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary • France supported Russia • Britain supported Belgium – Anti-German propaganda about atrocities in Belgium…. .
Standards Check, p. 357: • Why were young men on both sides eager to fight when World War I started? • Because of a renewed sense of patriotism, people rushed to fight for or support their homelands.
Quick Write • How did the Alliance system cause a regional conflict to grow into a World War?
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