On Reliability of Spectral Evidences of Homeopathy Substances

On Reliability of Spectral Evidences of Homeopathy Substances Electronic Copying V. Korenbaum 1, T. Chernysheva 2, V. Galay 2, R. Galay 2, A. Ustinov 3, V. Kostin 3, S. Zakharkov 1 1 Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Clinics of Functional Medicine “Manus”, 3 Institution of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 2016

Introduction Electronic homeopathic copies or so named nosodes, made by “imprinting” the parent substance onto water with the help of M. Rae’s black box or other electronic devices have received a certain acceptance in some fields of complementary medicine. Electronic copies are used now in: - Modern homeopathy, - Voll & Schimmel’s electropuncture diagnostics, - Applied Kinesiology (see photo). 2

DIAGNOSTIC NOSODES KITS Meripharm Gmb. H Metabolics 3

Introduction • I was interested in “physical evidence” of electronic copying of homeopathy substances since 1997 when met Tatiana Chernysheva, who practiced Applied Kinesiology in her clinics “Manus”. • Electronic copying is a part of the diagnostic and treatment procedure of Applied Kinesiology. • I was really fascinated when saw the influence of electronic copies on patients. • One of possible explanations was “water memory” effect. • We intended to start studying the effect in academic manner. 4

There available some types of devices for electronic copying • The first of them was ‘radionic’ magneto-geometric copying apparatus, invented by M. Rae. • Another electronic copying technique was invented by J. Benveniste’s team (2004) and modified by L. Montagnier (2009). • Physical basis of electronic copying phenomenon is unclear but there are few suppositions bonding it with interaction of external electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic field of human-operator (will be discussed later). • It is declared but there are only few rigorous empirical observations on the similarity of biomedical action of electronic copies of parent substances to these parent substances or to conventional homeopathic preparations of these parent substances. 5

Simulator (Metabolics Ltd, GB) – a version of M. Rae black box is widely used in Applied Kinesiology • Apparatus contains two copper tubes, the right of which (M) is for the parent substance, whereas the left one (C) for the prepared EC. • According to Towsey and Hasan (1995) there is a magnet under container C in the box. • In accordance with “radionic” hypothesis developed by M. Rae the effect of a substance copied is to ‘modulate’ magnetic field, which in turn “restructures” water crystallization. 6

Basic considerations • The electronic copying phenomenon may be treated as a form of “water memory” effect (long-term reply of water to weak influences). • “Water memory” effect presents a many-year challenge for rigorous science. It is evident that objective physical studies are necessary to approve or to reject the effect. • The electronic copying presents convenient model to study “water memory” effect since make possible to produce representative ECs and reference controls. • One of such studies may be absorption spectroscopy of water-based electronic copies. However this procedure must be strictly double blind due to possible bias involved by human-experimenters. 7

Flow chart of our experiments • Only copying procedure (1) is dependent on voluntary experimenter’s influence (will be discussed later). • Meanwhile other steps are double blind (2, 3) or strictly predetermined (4, 5) thus being independent on any voluntary experimenter’s impact. 8

Prehistory of our spectral investigations • Preliminary results for visual part of spectra were published in 2006 (Forshchende komplimentaren medicine). • The most advanced results for near-infrared part of spectra were reported in Vermont, 2011 and published in 2012 (Water) 9

In 2011 we reported results of studying absorption spectra of ECs of 7 parent homeopathic substances: • DNA-tox (DNA) – indicator of DNA problems caused by exposure of organism to toxic agents (Manus, Russia); • Bacteria (B) – superposition of 75 pathogenic bacteria (Meripharm Gmb. H, Germany); • Manus (MAN) – harmonizing preparation (Manus, Russia); • Fungus (FUN) - superposition of 17 pathogenic fungus (Metabolics Ltd, GB); • Toxic metal (TM) - superposition of 27 salts of heavy metals and toxic metals (Metabolics Ltd, GB); • Virus (VIR) – superposition of 41 pathogenic viruses (Meripharm Gmb. H, Germany); • Degeneration (DEG) – superposition of 41 oncologic cultures (Meripharm Gmb. H, Germany). 10

The procedure • We made 3 experiments. In each one 200 of arbitrarily chosen ampoules from one factory lot were numbered from 1 to 190. • It was prepared by 19 EC ampoules of each parent substance (a total of 133 ampoules) and 57 ampoules of hidden control (placebo) for every experiment. Copying in all 3 experiments was made by the same person (V. G. ), which did not participate in spectral measurements and statistical processing. • The rest 10 ampoules were used as working (open) control. • The correspondence of the ampoule numbers with the ECs or hidden controls (HCs) was recorded in the protocol that was not been opened until the completion of spectral analysis and the recording all spectral files of every experiment. 11

Spectral measurements • Absorption spectra were measured using modern Varian Cary 5000 i (Agilent Technologies, USA) double-beam spectrophotometer of analytical class in the wave band 3000 – 600 nm with intervals of 0. 5 nm. For each studied specimen the values of transmission in percents re working control were written to the hard disk as a file of spectral readings, the number of which was appropriate to that of an ampoule. • Every ampoule of sample was opened just before measurement, and the specimen was poured in 3 ml quartz glass cuvette (rectangular parallelepiped 4. 5 cm in height, 1 mm wall thickness) with expendable syringe. • After recording the difference absorption spectrum the cuvette was flushed out with pure carrier solution, dried, and wiped with an optical blanket. • The control cuvette was filled once for every series (each day) with a species from arbitrarily taken ampoule of working (apparent) control. 12

Procedure of statistical analysis of spectra • For each spectral reading (wavelength) every EC, represented by the ensemble of samples, was compared with every group of hidden control (HC), represented by the ensemble of samples, using Mann-Whitney non-parametric U-test (Statistica, Stat. Soft). • The wavelengths with the differences being significant (p < 0. 05) were registered. • To enhance a significance we selected those wavelengths in which the significant differences of the same sign were observed for an EC re all 3 groups of hidden control (HC 1, HC 2, HC 3). WL R 1 R 2 U Zadj nm B HC 1 2821. 5 438 303 113 2. 0 2108. 5 444 297 107 2044 288 453 98 p R 1 R 2 U Zadj B HC 2 0. 049 485 256 66 3. 3 2. 1 0. 032 451 290 100 -2. 4 0. 015 300 441 110 p R 1 R 2 U Zadj p B HC 3 0. 001 474 267 77 3. 0 0. 002 2. 4 0. 018 451 290 100 2. 4 0. 018 -2. 1 0. 040 263 478 73 -3. 1 0. 001 13

The wavelengths (nm) with significant differences re 3 hidden control groups (HC 1, HC 2, HC 3) – Exp. #1 14

Conclusions 2011 • Statistically significant distinctions in some wavelengths of nearinfrared absorption spectra of water, subjected to electronic copying, and blank water were revealed in 3 double blind studies. • A part of revealed wavelengths having statistically significant distinctions re blank carrier demonstrated an order in their position, and the histograms of Planck’s energy increments between adjacent wavelengths had apparent periodicity. • Statistically significant distinctions as well as signs of an order in the wavelengths structure may be interpreted in favor of reality of electronic copying phenomenon. 15

Current study: The concern on the reliability of the results 2011 • We revealed that absorption spectra of all water electronic copies of homeopathic substances had few wavelengths with statistically sufficient distinctions in relation to hidden control (placebo) spectra. • However a large part of those wavelengths coincided with areas of minimal transmission coefficient (or maximal absorption bands) of water, characterized by the low level of signals at the output of photo detector, comparable with background noise. 16

Exp. #1 (10 mm thick water layer). Overlay of wavelengths with statistically significant distinctions of electronic copies (imprinted substances) re all three hidden controls – (Σ(Zadj) of Mann-Whitney test) – color points, and typical difference absorption spectrum (apparent control re apparent control) – black line. 17

Formulation of the problem • On one hand the procedure and results seem to be reliable because in accordance with the signal processing theory we applied coherent accumulation of signals among 19 samples which resulted in ≈ 4. 4 times (square root of 19) amplification above background noise level. • On the other hand experts in spectral measurements ask why one should put yourself in obviously unfavorable conditions using very weak signals not reliable in principle. 18

Ways to solve the problem • Since maximal absorption bands of water are caused by thick water layer (10 mm in previous experiments) we tried to apply cuvettes with thinner water layer of 2 mm in the same double-beam spectrophotometer. • However a bigger part of the wavelengths ones more fell into the problem area of spectra with low levels of signals at photo detector. 19

Exp. #2 (2 mm water layer). Overlay of wavelengths with statistically significant distinctions of electronic copies (imprinted substances) re all three hidden controls (Σ(Zadj) of Mann-Whitney test) – color points, and typical difference absorption spectrum (apparent control re apparent control) – black line. 20

New spectral measurements • To decrease a thickness of water layer further the IRFurrier spectrometer IRAffinity-1 (Shimadzu) is used in current study. • Samples with 0. 025 mm water layer were analyzed. • Analysis was applied in 4000 -400 cm-1 band, resolution 4 cm-1, number of scans 30. 21

The metering set • Measurements were made for thin layers of samples in windows KRS-5 (thallium bromide-iodide) with the lead foil 0. 025 mm gasket between them. • Each test sample was placed in a space defined by the inner edges of the gasket and the window KRS-5 using a disposable syringe. • Before each measurement the window and gasket were washed with medical grade distilled water and dried with filter paper. 22

Materials of new study • 12 samples of electronic copies of two homeopathic substances (Lydocain, Star Dust) of various dilutions were made by electronic copying on sealed ampoules of medical grade distilled water with Simulator (Metabolics Ltd, GB). • 6 samples of blank medical grade distilled water (hidden control or placebo) were made on analogous ampoules. • All ampoules were randomly numbered. • The ECs spectra were compared with HCs spectra by randomized double blind procedure. 23

Electronic copies of homeopathic substances, studied (the protocol was not opened) Parent substances EC, n = 12 Placebo (hidden control), n = 6 Lydocain - 2 D E 2 E 14 Lydocain - 8 D E 5 E 16 Lydocain - 4 D E 7 E 20 Lydocain - 11 D E 8 E 24 Lydocain - 7 D E 9 E 26 Lydocain - 5 D E 10 E 31 Lydocain – 3 D E 11 Lydocain – 9 D E 17 Lydocain – 1 D E 22 Lydocain – 10 D E 23 Lydocain – 6 D E 28 Star Dust – 6 X E 29 24

Normalized spectrum of each EC with ± 2*SD (p<0. 05) interval by all HCs and transmission coefficient T% of reference water 25

Procedure of group comparison using Mann-Whitney nonparametric U test • Individual EC spectra have no essential differences re 2*SD in the bands of measurable transmission coefficient of blank water, characterized by the acceptable SNR level at the output of photo detector. There are no differences between individual EC spectra too. • Thus we may compare groups of ECs and HCs spectra. • However we’ll meet Bonferoni’s multiple comparison problem (paired comparison for 1094 wavelengths), therefore significance level must be p < 0. 05/1094 = 4. 5*10 -5. • Thus group distinctions searched for a number of wavelengths (1, 2, …. , n) should be estimated by cumulative significance level pcum = p 1*p 2*…*pn<< 4. 5*10 -5. 26

Group spectral distinctions EC (n = 12) re HC (n = 6) 27

Basic absorption bands of all EC re all HC, having pcum = p 1*p 2*…*pn<< 4. 5*10 -5 lcentr, cm-1 lcentr, nm pcum 543. 93 18385 4. 41*E-8 2459. 2 4066. 3 1. 28 E-25 2561. 5 3904 3. 77 E-47 2657. 9 3762. 4 3. 04 E-52 2758. 2 3625. 5 2. 16 E-13 * l(nm) = 107/l (cm-1). 28

Results • Using Mann-Whitney test we found that EC has statistically significant (pcum is at least one order better than demanded by Bonferoni’s rule) distinctions re hidden control in 5 spectral bands. • 4 from 5 of the bands are attributed to infrared wavelengths near 2500 cm-1 (between 3600 and 4100 nm). • It is extremely important that for these 4 bands the transmission coefficient T% of open (blank) reference water is not less than 30%! (high SNR!) 29

Discussion: Isn’t it an apparatus error? • All investigated preparations (ECs and HCs) were measured in the same metering set using the random order in time. Consequently any bias between ECs and HCs spectra in statistical sense seems to be vanishing. • Meanwhile variations of assembling (washing, drying) of the metering set may result in an accidental error. However this error is considered in Mann-Whitney test used to find statistically significant distinctions between groups of EC and HC spectra. • Thus a probability of apparatus error seems to be vanishing. 30

Let’s analyze now values of energy Elcentr, e. V for absorption bands found lcentr, cm-1 lcentr, nm pcum Elcentr, e. V D(cm-1) 543. 93 18385 4. 41*E-8 0. 07 5. 79 2459. 2 4066. 3 1. 28 E-25 0. 3 28. 93 2561. 5 3904 3. 77 E-47 0. 32 52. 08 2657. 9 3762. 4 3. 04 E-52 0. 33 54. 01 2758. 2 3625. 5 2. 16 E-13 0. 34 15. 43 l(nm) = 107/l (cm-1). 1 e. V = 8066 cm-1 = 1240 nm. Why energies 0. 3 – 0. 34 e. V seem so important? 31

Guiliano Preparata (1995) quantum electrodynamics hypothesis cited by Emilio Del Giudice, Vladimir Voeikov, Alberto Tedeschi and Giuseppe Vitiello. The origin and the special role of coherent water in living systems / D. Fels, M. Cifra and F. Scholkmann (Editors), Fields of the Cell, 2015, Chapter 5. p. 95– 111. • Liquid water consists of coherently oscillating water molecules get together with associated EMFs in Coherent Domains (CDs) immersed in dense gaslike non-coherent water (randomly oscillated molecules). • A coherent oscillation of the common electron clouds in CDs may occur! 32

Guiliano Preparata (1995) quantum electrodynamics consideration • In such a coherent domains water molecules oscillate between the ground state of their electron cloud at 12. 60 e. V and an excited state at 12. 06 e. V. • Thus 12. 60 – 12. 06 = 0. 54 e. V energy should be emitted or absorbed under coherent oscillation of the electron clouds of water molecules in CDs. • This predicted energy step is very close to revealed 0. 3 – 0. 34 e. V maxima of our absorption spectrum! • Consequently CDs forced oscillations may represent a hypothetical physical basis of electronic copying phenomenon as well as any “water memory” effect. 33

Conclusions • The most of wavelengths with significant spectral distinctions between electronic copies and blank water were first time found out of the band of minimal transmission signals in infrared water spectrum. Thus a reliability of spectral evidences of homeopathy substances electronic copying was confirmed. • The found wavelengths with significant spectral distinctions between electronic copies and blank water are characterized by energies close to energies emitted or absorbed under coherent oscillation of the electron clouds in Guiliano Preparata’s (1995) water coherent domains model. 34

How our results may be treated in context of electronic copying phenomenon? • The results obtained could not be interpreted as a comprehensive rigorous verification of electronic copying phenomenon. • They may be treated only as pilot checking which inspire a hope! • Nevertheless we believe that the study has to be continued and intensified, because of its great academic and applied meaning. 35

P. S. : Some words about EC specific action on living beings • We found no differences between spectra of ECs of different homeopathic substances in our studies. • However the specific action (specificity) of ECs on living beings is demonstrated time and again (in about 50 to 50 percent) in medical practice, for example in Applied Kinesiology. • How this specificity may be explained in limits of current physical knowledge? 36

Ten trillionths of your suntan comes from beyond our galaxy (August 11, 2016 http: //phys. org/news) astrophysicist Professor Simon Driver said “Most of the photons of light hitting us originate from the Sun, whether directly, scattered by the sky, or reflected off dust in the Solar System. Additionally we are constantly bombarded by about 10 billion photons per second from intergalactic space”. Thus we “bathe” in external electromagnetic fields (EMFs). 37

A hypothetic explanation of electronic copying specificity (assuming weak EMFs) • Human body is a source of wide-band EMFs associated with the vital activity of cells and organs. Moreover, this activity takes place against the aforementioned external EMFs, and with a field of permanent magnet or coil of copying apparatus. • The preparation being copied, interpreted as a kind of passive resonator (Shaub, 1998), probably modify the EMFs of the operator’s organism or interaction between this field and external EMFs. • In its turn this modified field is superimposed on supramolecular structure of EC. Thus EC “commits to memory” not the selffield of the parent substance but an operator’s organism physical response to it. • This concept seems to be in accordance with previously known operator’s personality influence on therapeutic effectiveness of ECs or experimenter’s effect of J. Benveniste’s preparations (Ives, et al. , 2006), as well as with great variety of electronic copying methods and copying apparatus types. 38

Flow chart of our experiments • By this reason the copying procedure (1) should not be blind in our opinion. 39

Thanks! 40