On Fuzzball conjecture Seiji Terashima YITP Kyoto based

On Fuzzball conjecture Seiji Terashima (YITP, Kyoto) based on the work (PRD 78 064029(2008), ar. Xiv: 0805. 1405) in collaboration with Noriaki Ogawa (YITP) 2009 Feb 19 at Kinosaki

1. Introduction 2

In general relativity (or classical gravity): Black hole solutions exist and behave like blackbody: Thermodynamics Black hole d. E=Td. S d M = κd A δS ≥ 0 δA ≥ 0 Blackbody radiation Hawking radiation M: Mass of B. H. A: Area of horizon κ: surface gravity 3

Irreversibility ↔ horizon. No information inside the B. H. can escape outside the horizon. Information loss problem (quantum theory should be unitary) 4

Anyway, black hole is a classical solution, but thermodynamic object! General relativity will be just an effective action, and there will be micro states for the black hole, perhaps quantum mechanically. 5

Remember why String Theory is interesting: String Theory - is well defined and understood perturbatively - is useful for Mathematics (ex. Mirror symmetry) - is applied to the QCD (ex. Holographic QCD) - can be applied to Particle Phenomenology and can be the Theory Of Everything. - includes Quantum Gravity 6

Indeed, in string theory we can find the microstates of B. H. and show: log (# of microstates)= Area of B. H. for some BPS B. H. Strominger-Vafa using the Gauge/Gravity duality. 7

a Puzzle remains: Near the horizon, classical general relativity seems valid because curvature is small and the quantum effects would be confined within the plank length near the singularity Information loss? Inconsistency? 8

Fuzzball conjecture: Mathur and his collaborators “Black Hole” does not exist quantum mechanically (in string theory). (There is no horizon in quantum gravity. ) Instead of black hole, somethings like fuzzball(毛玉） exist. 9

Fuzzball (has complicated topololgy) Black hole Corse graining （粗視化） http: //lillicat-kingdom. com/blog/archives/craft_addict/knitting/index. php? page=17 10

Key point: B. H. is macroscopic object and has very large number of degree of freedom, N. Quantum effects will spread out by the large N effect. → 1. Macroscopic “hozizon” appear 2. Quantum effect near horizon ! 11

an evidence: In supergravity, some classical solutions without horizon and singularity which are approximately same as the B. H. outside “horizon” were found (fuzzball solution). → “horizon” appear as approximate notion Note 1: the fuzzball in general are not represented as classical solution. Only for special cases. 12

Note 2: BPS properties are essential to find the solutions. BPS equations is linear → reduced to one like Laplace equation → infinite sum of the solutions are also solutions →Fuzzball solutions No hair “theorem” is terribly violated 13

2. Half BPS Fuzzball in Ad. S 5 x. S 5 14

Ad. S 5/CFT 4 Ad. S 5 x S 5 ↔ N=4 SU(N) SYM restrict to ½ BPS sector Lin-Lunin-Maldacena ↔ N free fermions in (LLM)geometry harmonic oscillator potential 15

Other parts 16

Ad. S 5 x S 5 solution In the coordinate , the metric becomes Ad. S 5 x. S 5 geometry with in the global coordinate 17

[Note] fermion distribution can be defined for special class of state in Hilbert space, i. e. semi-classical or “coherent states” spanning the base of Hilbert space 18

• Pauli’s exclusion principle means for CFT side. • LLM geometry have Closed Time like Curve for outside this region. Thus these solutions will be unphysical in quantum theory. • LLM geometry is smooth for • This phase space us quantized by 19

Thus, in this ½ BPS sectors of Ad. S 5 x. S 5 example, all microstates are represented by smooth supergravity solutions, which are the fuzzballs! More presicely, all states of a basis of microstates are represented by supergravity solutions. 20

Smooth geometry ↔ pure states in CFT Interpretation of the singular geometries in LLM is Mixed/coarse grained states in CFT. Balasbramnian et. al. Singular geom. = “gray droplets” Superstar=simplest gray droplets =uniform disk 21

Suparstar has naked singularity without horizon, but we expect it will have horizon after including quatum effects 5 d N=2 supergravity reduced form is BPS “black hole”, but not extremal. If the horizon is at ζ , 22

Summary of our work: “Coarse-graining of bubbling geometries and the fuzzball conjecture” • Consider charged “B. H. ” called “Superstar” in Ad. S space -time • Estimate the entropy of superstar, as log(# of microstates) • Estimate the "horizon" size of the superstar, based on the fuzzball conjecture, from gravity side. • We find the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy computed from this "horizon" agrees with log(# of microstates) • Thus, this result supports the fuzzball conjecture. 23

Entropy = log of number of states which are not distinguishable from one another by macroscopic observations. So, what is “macroscopic observer”? We assume that One can only measure physical quantities up to If metric perturbation is bigger than We can detect two geometries are different 24

Consider two similar LLM geometries with fermion distributions and their difference 25

Then, we can compute the entropy of the superstar (and other non-smooth geometries) by counting the number of possible microstates as 26

Now we observe region very close to the fuzzball and see where is “horizon”. Here the “horizon” is the surface of the region where the typical microstates are different each other. We take with very small α After some computation, we find “horizon” is at or in the coordinate for the superstar. Therefore, according to previous formula, we have 27

Conclusions 28

• Summary – For some BPS black holes we find there are fuzzball solutions in super gravity, which are smooth and has no horizon. – These will correspond to the microstates of B. H. • Future directions – Including higher derivative corrections – Non BPS, non extremal 29

Fin. 30