Olga StrietskaIlina Skills and Employability Department ILO Geneva

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills for Green Jobs: A Global View http: //www. ilo. org/skills/pubs/WCMS_162799/ lang--en/index. htm ILO-EC Project: 1. Comparative Analysis of Methods of Identification of Skill Needs on the Labour Market in Transition to the Low Carbon Economy 2. Skills and Occupational Needs in Renewable Energy 3. Skills and Occupational Needs in Green Building http: //www. ilo. org/skills/projects/WCMS_140837/la ng--en/index. htm

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and. Bangkok, Employability Department, Skills for GJs. 7 October 2011 ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Country coverage 60% of world population 59 % of global GDP 64 % of global CO 2 emissions Many more countries covered under ILO-EC project U. K. France U. S. Estonia Denmark Germany Spain China Egypt India Costa Rica Mali Bangladesh Thailand Republic of Korea Philippines Uganda Indonesia Brazil South Africa Australia

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills for Green Jobs project • 2009 – 2011 • Partnership with Cedefop • 21 background country reports • Standardised template for all • Qualitative research. Methods varied. • 148 case studies (107 by the ILO and 41 by Cedefop)

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 ILO-EC Project • Desk research • Experts consultations, workshops • Country case studies (by national experts and by our team) • Questionnaire survey of constituents • REN Alliance survey of members (RE associations, companies and training providers) based on our questionnaire • Focus groups • Validation workshop and process

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Drivers of change • Changing natural or built environments; • Environmental / climate change policy and regulation; • Green technology and innovation; • Markets for green industries and consumer habits 1

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Green structural change • Additional jobs will be created. • Some employment will be substituted • Certain jobs may be eliminated without direct replacement • Many existing jobs will be redefined • New jobs created will offset those lost

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Green structural change • New jobs created will offset those lost because Ø (1) strengthened regulation to combat climate change will lead to expanded production of environmental goods and services; Ø (2) many green sectors tend to be more labour intensive than ‘traditional’ fossil fuel based industries. • But those who will get green jobs are not necessarily those who will have lost their jobs Skills matter! Slide 7 of 19

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Sectors affected and retraining needs Source: IPCC 2007 • Agriculture, forestry and fisheries • Extracting industries and fossil-fuel energy generation • Emissions intensive manufacturing, in particular: Ø Automotive sector and related supply chains; Ø Ship-building and related marine engineering activities. 1

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Industries likely to grow and retraining needs

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Shares of energy sources in total global primary energy supply (2008)

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Worldwide growth in installed capacity in RE in 2008 -2009 Source: IPPC, 2011

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Green structural change – Energy sector Source: UNEP(2011) Green Economy Report

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Slide 14 of 19

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills shortages already pose a major barrier to transitions to green economies and green job creation - In certain sectors and occupations - Particular core skills - Multiskillling requirements

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Examples of skills gaps and shortages in GB • Conceiving, planning, designing and advising occupations – Architects not sufficiently knowledgeable – Issue with skills required to provide advice on retrofitting (across range of occupations) • Construction, installation and maintenance occupations – Synchronizing skills development with green building initiatives – Limited additional training required where existing construction skills base is strong – Bigger challenge where base of skills is weaker in quality or quantity – more training required – “Green plumber” and “green electrician” occupations – Insulation skills – Management skills

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Why are there skills shortages? • Underestimated growth of some sectors, such as for green technologies • General lack of scientists and engineers • National skill structure which does not meet skills demand • Low reputation of sectors – failure to attract trainees • Poor coordination

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Environmental and skills policies

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Policy coherence France: A comprehensive policy framework Grenelle de l’Environnement government, unions, employers, NGOs and local authorities. Social dialogue!! National Strategy for Sustainable Developme nt 2009 -2012 Training is included!! Mobilization Plan for Green Jobs • Collaborative work between stakeholders at all levels Coordination!! • Eleven Sectoral Committees: analysis on skills and training needs in the green economy

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Green stimulus packages • Asia is at the forefront with over 20% of stimulus spending in key climate areas, led by China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. • China and the US dominate in absolute terms. • Korea has the highest proportion followed by EU and China. • In the US, skills measures constitute 0. 6 % of the total amount spent on green recovery 1 • In Switzerland – the estimate is 4, 6%

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Past Navarre’s successful shift to renewable energies (Spain) - I • 80 s and 90 s, Navarre suffered from economic crisis • high oil prices impaired the competiveness of the industry • unemployment level in 1993: 13% Measures taken • The Government decides to expand its renewable energy sector by taking active industrial policy measures including worker training. • CENER was opened National Renewable Energy Centre • CENIFER was opened National Centre for Renewable Energy Training for managers, technicians and operators. • First university program for electrical engineers in wind and solar

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Navarre’s successful shift to renewable energies (Spain) - II In 2007, some consequences • 100 companies created in renewable energies • They represented 5% of GDP, and 1, 7% of Navarre’s employment • 6000 jobs created. (Navarre’s population: 620, 000 people) • Unemployment rate dropped to 4. 7% in the region. • Employment in renewable energies increased by 183% in Navarre (2002 -2006) Present • It produces 65% of electricity from renewable energy sources, • It has the second lowest unemployment rate in Spain • It is the first region to have a positive GDP growth rate after the crisis

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Restructuring in copper mining in the Philippines • Asia’s biggest producer of copper (1960 s and 1970 s), • the Philippine Associated Smelting and Refining Corporation (PASAR) received complaints about pollution in water causing illnesses. • After being privatized due to bankruptcy (mid 1990 s), PASAR invested on an environmental transformation program importation of expensive pollution abatement facilities retraining of machine operators • The total environment-related investment reached around USD 50 million. • Training was provided by the foreign contractors who supplied the technology and one PASAR employee was also sent abroad for training. • It also activated the company’s Environmental Protection Department (EPD) and instituted environmental processes needed to acquire the ISO -14001 certification, which requires additional environmental training for the employees.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Changing and emerging occupations Degree of skill change None Occupational change None or only quantitative Typical skills response None or increased training in existing occupation Examples Low Changing occupation On-the-job learning or Welder in wind short training courses turbine production; Organic farmer Medium Changing or emerging occupation Short courses or longer continuous training Energy consultant in building; car mechanic for electric cars or CNG cars High Emerging occupation Initial training, university degree or longer continuous training Solar energy technician; ecodesigner; biofuels technician Bus driver in CNG driven buses; forester

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 The dynamic of change in skills, occupations and related training needs

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 RE value chain

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Examples of occupations in selected RE sub-sectors by value chain

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 New occupations in the green technology industry in the Republic of Korea • Solar photovoltaic researcher & developer • Marine bio-energy researcher • Geothermal system development Engineer • Wind Power researcher and developer • Carbon Capture and Storage researcher • Greenhouse Gas Auditor • Seawater Desalination researcher • Advanced water treatment researcher • LED device engineer • LED lighting system engineer • LED Thermal Protection system engineer • Hybrid Fuel Cell researcher and developer • Hybrid Power System developer • Maritime environmental regulation specialist • Developer of Alternative fuels for ships • Eco-friendly Ship designer • U-city (Ubiquitous City) planner • U-city Infrastructure Operator

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Indonesia – Greening Existing occupations Climate Field School for farmers (Sekolah Lapang Iklim) • Climate change heavily affects agricultural sector (40% of labour force) • Ministry of Agriculture initiated Climate Field Schools for Farmers in 2002. Since 2009, SLIs also cooperate with the Indonesian Meteorology Office. • SLIs use an existing network of field instructors and pest monitoring officers of the Ministry of Agriculture that operate through Field Schools for water saving and pest control. • These instructors train farmers on the ground, and since 2002 also include climate related information in their courses. • SLIs take place once a year before planting season Course content: Planting strategies for arid and for irrigated land, calculating water needs, estimate flood probability, understand flood and drought control, etc.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Changes in existing occupations outnumber new ones • Many changes relate to knowledge about regulation and new technologies, some to new markets and demand • Emerging occupations more often require higher level qualifications • Changes in existing occupations happen more often at the low and medium-skill level • Gender dimension

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Generic and core skills • Strategic and leadership skills for policy-makers and business executives • Adaptability and transferability skills, • Environmental awareness and attitude and willingness to learn about sustainable development; • Co-ordination, management and business skills; • Systems and risk analysis skills; • Entrepreneurial skills; • Innovation skills; • Communication and marketing skills; • Consulting skills to advise consumers; • Networking, IT and language skills.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 GB value chain and related occupational clusters

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Core occupations for the occupational cluster «Enabling occupations» Occupation categories: • Policy Makers • Urban Planners • Financing • Educators • Researchers Skill needs: • understanding of the environmental, social, economic issues to design effective policies • environmental awareness • innovation and leadership • building codes & environmental regulations • financing of green building projects • economic benefits of implementing green building • interdisciplinary skills and team work, etc.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skill response for greener economies • At different levels: enterprise, industry, government , by universities, training providers, research institutes, NGOs and international donors • Generally stronger in basic and higher education and weaker in TVET • Effective response is: ØCollaborative!!! ØCoordinated and coherent!!! ØCombines top-down and bottom-up approaches ØForward looking ØTargeted ØIncludes portable skills – environmental awareness among them!

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills responses -Public-private partnerships Recycling Training Centre in Dhaka - Bangladesh • Waste Concern Group is a Social Business Enterprise in the waste management sector in Bangladesh. It established a Recycling Training Centre at Dhaka with financial support from the Ministry of Environment and Forest and UNDP. • They train local governmental officials, NGOs and communitybased organizations. • Courses focus on community-based solid waste management and resource recovery. • The training centre also trains trainers to enable farmers to improve composting and utilise produced compost. The training is provided through in-house or foreign experts.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills responses to train solar energy technicians • In India, the Barefoot College has been providing training in solar technology by promoting the use of solar equipments. The College has trained the illiterates building on traditional knowledge and imparting modern skills, and also extended their services to international participants. • In Bangladesh, Grameen Shakti, has trained more than 1000 women technicians through 20 Grameen Technology Centers to install, maintain and assemble crucial components of the Solar Home Systems. The training provided by this NGO is delivered on the job. • Pilot project by the ILO in Bangladesh aiming to link the training provided by Grameen Shakti to formal training centres run by the Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills responses in Thailand • The Ministry of Agriculture provides training for agriculturists on the use of bio fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers that emit greenhouse gases. • The Ministry of Energy trains technicians at industry and village level jointly with training instructors in energy management, technology, and end-use systems in companies, buildings and the production process. It also constructed an eco-efficient house for training purposes and technology transfer. • The Ministry of Tourism and Sports organizes training courses on eco-tourism in selected villages. Villagers receive skills to work as tour guide, tour operator, environmentalist, wildlife and environment conservationist, and hotel manager.

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Skills responses – Toyota in the Philippines Example of upskilling: • Key environmental personnel are required to participate in more specialized and technical trainings. • Greening of companies and HR require full support of CEOs and managers (in terms of investments/policies).

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Challenges to anticipating the green skill change • Boundaries of sectors • Green occupations – a moving target (new occupations, chaning occupations) • Paucity of data on incidence and other aspects of green jobs in all countries • The dynamic and inclusive nature of the GJs concept brings the measurement challenge • Labour market dynamics of different types of jobs

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 What shapes research on skill needs for green jobs

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Anticipating the skill needs: what works • Delimiting research boundaries • Combined quantitative modelling and qualitative research • Social dialogue and institutional settings that enable it (SSCs, PPPs) • Sectoral approaches proved useful and feasible but is seen as somewhat delimiting: more interinstitutional coordination is necessary • Investing in LMI development • Developing countries: avoid building a parallel LMI system and develop building blocks of future LMI for skills identification

Olga Strietska-Ilina, Skills and Employability Department, ILO, Geneva Bangkok, 7 October 2011 Thank you for your attention! The global synthesis report the European synthesis report, the 21 background country reports are available at: http: //www. ilo. org/skills/ Three more forthcoming reports: Methods of Identification of skill needs, and Skills and Occupational Needs in Renewable Energy and in Green Building http: //www. ilo. org/skills/projects/WCMS_140837/lang --en/index. htm