Old English Ptur Kntsson 2005 week 1 Venerable

Old English Pétur Knútsson 2005 week 1

Venerable Bede Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Angles, Jutes and Saxons Baker 1

Northern, Eastern and Western Germanic Baker 3

Pyles and Algeo mention 6 typical differences:

Pyles and Algeo mention 6 typical differences: 1 Nom. sg –az ending. Proto-Germanic *wulfaz Northern: Icelandic úlfr Eastern: Gothic wulfs Lost in Old English (Latin lupus, vulpes fox) Western: Old English wulf

Pyles and Algeo mention 6 typical differences: 1 Nom. sg –az ending 2 3 rd pers sg ending Proto-Germanic -si, -ti Northern: Icelandic (þú) bindr (hann) bindr Eastern: Gothic þu bindis is bindiþ 2 → 3 in Icelandic Western: Old English þú bindest hé bindeð

Pyles and Algeo mention 6 typical differences: 1 Nom. sg –az ending 2 3 rd pers sg ending 3 Definite article Northern: Icelandic úlfr-inn Eastern: Gothic sa wulfs Suffixed in Icelandic Western: Old English se wulf

Pyles and Algeo mention 6 typical differences: 1 Nom. sg –az ending 2 3 rd pers sg ending 3 Definite article 4 z from Verner’s Law Northern: Icelandic eyra Eastern: Gothic auso Western: Old English éare → r in Icelandic and Old English

Pyles and a. Ageo mention 6 typical differences: 1 Nom. sg –az ending 2 3 rd pers sg ending 3 Definite article 4 z from Verner’s Law 5 Mutation Northern: Icelandic fótur fæti Eastern: Gothic fótus fótáu No mutation in Gothic Western: Old English fót fét

Pyles and Algeo mention 6 typical differences: 1 Nom. sg –az ending 2 3 rd pers sg ending 3 Definite article 4 z from Verner’s Law 5 Mutation 6 ð from Verner’s Law Northern: Icelandic faðir Eastern: Gothic faðar becomes d in Old English Western: Old English fæder

Vowel weakening – further Table base on Strang, p. 415 SINGULAR IE Gmc Go Ice OE Mod. E nominative dhogos ðagas dagr dæg day accusative dhoghom ðagan dag dæg day genitive dhogheso ðagesa dagis dags dæges day’s dative dhogoai ðagai daga degi dæge day nominative dhogoes ðagoz dagos dagar dagas days accusative dhogoms ðaganz dagans dagas days genitive dhogeom ðagon dage daga days dative dhoghomos ðagomoz dagam dögum days PLURAL

Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The First Germanic Consonant Shift Vowel gradation Nominal reduction to a 4 -case system Verbal reduction to a 2 -tense system Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives 6. Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix 7. Stress fixed on the root 8. A common distinctive vocabulary

IE nominal cases • • nominative vocative accusative genitive dative instrumental ablative locative

Germanic nominal cases • • nominative vocative accusative genitive dative instrumental ablative locative

Germanic nominal cases • nominative • nefnifall • accusative • þolfall • genitive • eignarfall • dative • þágufall se dæg cymð – sá dagur kemur that day will come ic geman þone dæg - ég man þann dag I remember that day se nama þæs dæges– dagsins nafn the name of the day – the day’s name on þæm dæge – á þeim degi on that day

Germanic nominal cases • nominative • nefnifall • accusative • þolfall • genitive • eignarfall • dative • þágufall • (instumental) se dæg cymð – sá dagur kemur that day will come ic geman þone dæg - ég man þann dag I remember that day se nama þæs dæges– dagsins nafn the name of the day – the day’s name on þæm dæge – á þeim degi on that day (þý dæge)

Seo læfdige geaf þære cwene þæs cyninges hring Frúin gaf drottningunni hring konungsins The lady gave the queen the king’s ring NOMINATIVE subject DATIVE indirect object given to whom? GENITIVE possession ACCUSATIVE direct object what was given