Oil and other chemical pollution Oil pollution of

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Oil and other chemical pollution • Oil pollution of the marine environment is a

Oil and other chemical pollution • Oil pollution of the marine environment is a major problem. • Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989 • https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill

對環境和生物的傷害 • http: //www. nwf. org/What-We-Do/Protect. Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effectson-Wildlife/Mammals. aspx • images 影像 https: //www. google.

對環境和生物的傷害 • http: //www. nwf. org/What-We-Do/Protect. Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effectson-Wildlife/Mammals. aspx • images 影像 https: //www. google. com. tw/search? q=oil+spill+mamm als&hl=zh. TW&biw=1280&bih=899&site=imghp&source=lnms&tb m=isch&sa=X&ved=0 CAg. Q_AUo. AWo. VCh. MI 6 b. XR 8 s. S dxw. IVDBm. UCh 3 bw. Al. X

處理海洋油污外洩 • • • trapping with booms skimming the surface to remove the oil

處理海洋油污外洩 • • • trapping with booms skimming the surface to remove the oil Using absorbent materials to soak up oil applying dispels chemicals setting fire to oil slicks 使用藥劑(dispersants)和用火對於環境生態 傷害大 • 微生物降解(biodegradation)

綜合理化作用(Physical & chemical) • Evaporation: 油污發生時,比較輕量的部分會 先揮發掉 – about 50% of a typical light

綜合理化作用(Physical & chemical) • Evaporation: 油污發生時,比較輕量的部分會 先揮發掉 – about 50% of a typical light crude oil evaporates within 20 hours • Dissolution: 部分水溶性(water-soluble) – These compounds are the most likely to be acutely toxic to sea life.

綜合理化作用(Physical & chemical) • Dispersion: oil is broken up into small droplets and spread

綜合理化作用(Physical & chemical) • Dispersion: oil is broken up into small droplets and spread through the water – 可被乳化(emulsified)進入水中散掉 – happen in the presence of adequate mixing energy (e. g. by wave action or high pressure leaks) – 可是,水入油的乳化情況會造成viscous mousse,需要長時間降解,造成海岸的原油 污染 beach tar – 海浪和氣候的影響很大

綜合理化作用(Physical & chemical) • Photo-oxidation: 部分經過楊光的光化學氧化降 解(photolysis) – Important in breaking aromatic ring structures,

綜合理化作用(Physical & chemical) • Photo-oxidation: 部分經過楊光的光化學氧化降 解(photolysis) – Important in breaking aromatic ring structures, enhances the availability of such compounds to microbes and hence microbial degradation – Photooxidized polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are more toxic to water-dwelling organisms •

微生物降解(biodegradation) • 自然世界長年的漏油(hydrocarbons),造成 自然演化出分解油污的微生物,有超過160屬( genera)生物 • 細菌為主,酵母菌和絲狀真菌(filamentous fungi)亦有被報導 • Oceanospirillales, Alcanivorax, Cycloclasticus, Psueduomonas, Acinetobacter,和一些藍綠細

微生物降解(biodegradation) • 自然世界長年的漏油(hydrocarbons),造成 自然演化出分解油污的微生物,有超過160屬( genera)生物 • 細菌為主,酵母菌和絲狀真菌(filamentous fungi)亦有被報導 • Oceanospirillales, Alcanivorax, Cycloclasticus, Psueduomonas, Acinetobacter,和一些藍綠細 菌、藻類等 • 光合自營(photoautotrophs)和異營生物( heterotrophs)的混合微生物(consortia)有效 breakdown

有氧降解過程 • http: //www. metamicrobe. com/petroleummicrobiology/oil-bioremediation-introduction. html

有氧降解過程 • http: //www. metamicrobe. com/petroleummicrobiology/oil-bioremediation-introduction. html

有氧降解過程 • http: //www. metamicrobe. com/petroleummicrobiology/oil-bioremediation-introduction. html

有氧降解過程 • http: //www. metamicrobe. com/petroleummicrobiology/oil-bioremediation-introduction. html

Bioremediation用於脆弱( vulnerable)海岸的除油污 • 所以許多資訊來自意外油污的處理( accidents),如Exxon Valdez事件 • 添加ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate或urea等,增加降解速率10倍 • 方法是使用親油脂成分(oeophilic),讓 營養素可達油污,slow-release

Bioremediation用於脆弱( vulnerable)海岸的除油污 • 所以許多資訊來自意外油污的處理( accidents),如Exxon Valdez事件 • 添加ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate或urea等,增加降解速率10倍 • 方法是使用親油脂成分(oeophilic),讓 營養素可達油污,slow-release fertilizer, • 如microemulsion of urea in brine,再用 油脂包裹

處理製品 • National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP)應變計 畫中的處理 • MC

處理製品 • National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP)應變計 畫中的處理 • MC -- Microbial Culture • EA -- Enzyme Additive • NA -- Nutrient Additive

處理製品 • Literature review on the use of commercial bioremediation agents for cleanup of

處理製品 • Literature review on the use of commercial bioremediation agents for cleanup of oil-contaminated estuarine environments, US EPA

 • Microbes can be counted on to biodegrade oil over time. • However,

• Microbes can be counted on to biodegrade oil over time. • However, the process may not be fast enough to prevent ecological damage.

New ways to find oil-eating microbes • microbes isolated from many different environments are

New ways to find oil-eating microbes • microbes isolated from many different environments are able to biodegrade oil constituents • each metagenomes for gene sequences associated with the enzymes involved in oil degradation • Mutations and gene transfer events that improve fitness have an immediate effect

影響微生物除油因子 • • Physical nature of the oil Chemical nature of the oil Availability

影響微生物除油因子 • • Physical nature of the oil Chemical nature of the oil Availability of nutrients Availability of oxygen Water temperature Pressure p. H and salinity Other microbes

Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants • 許多化學品難於降解,如有機氯化合物( DDT, Aldrin,

Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants • 許多化學品難於降解,如有機氯化合物( DDT, Aldrin, chlordane等),一些 業製 品,如polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 和副產品(如dioxins, furans) • 通常由陸地放流入海洋,或從大氣沉降( deposition) • 部分揮發的特性,可懸浮於空氣中,移 到到不同的地理環境

Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants • 河口、海洋環境存在着對甲胺磷(農 藥降解能力强的微生物,如紅樹林 •

Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants • 河口、海洋環境存在着對甲胺磷(農 藥降解能力强的微生物,如紅樹林 • 馴化、分離、應用 甲胺磷 Methamidophos

Bacteria are effective in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments • 重金屬有毒性,不同態的重金屬毒性不同

Bacteria are effective in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments • 重金屬有毒性,不同態的重金屬毒性不同 • 微生物,如硫還原細菌(SRB)、 Bacillus spp. 和 Pseudomonas spp. 有效 固定金屬,轉為nonbioavailable form,或 轉變成比較不毒的型態。 • 海洋分離Bacillus spp. 孢子表面的蛋白質 可以促進氧化,例如錳(manganese)的 氧化

Mobilization of mercury by bacterial metabolism leads to accumulation of toxic methylmercury • 環境中的微生物進行微量元素(trace

Mobilization of mercury by bacterial metabolism leads to accumulation of toxic methylmercury • 環境中的微生物進行微量元素(trace elements)的microbial methylation reactions,如 mercury, arsenic, cadmium和lead • Methylated elements在環境中的移動,可 能進入人體,造成健康的傷害

Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals • 例如

Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals • 例如 Microtox system就是一個商品化的 系統,用來快速檢測毒性(rapid toxicity testing),用在水、沉積物和土壤檢體的 檢測 • 主要依靠Vibrio fischeri的生物螢光( bioluminescence) • 提供標準化冷凍乾燥的培養菌,使用 photometer測試光亮度

Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals • Qwik.

Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals • Qwik. Lite bioassay使用同樣的原理 • 使用dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula的發 光能力 • 比使用魚和兩棲類的生物檢測敏感度高 • 應用V. fischeri 的lux 或水母(jelly fish) 的 green fluorescent protein (GFP)作為 這些毒性物質降解或檢測的基因表現,作 為reporter來使用

台灣的阿瑪斯號貨輪油污事件 • https: //zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E 9%98%B F%E 7%91%AA%E 6%96%AF%E 8%99% 9 F%E 8%B

台灣的阿瑪斯號貨輪油污事件 • https: //zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E 9%98%B F%E 7%91%AA%E 6%96%AF%E 8%99% 9 F%E 8%B 2%A 8%E 8%BC%AA%E 6%B 2%B 9%E 6%B 1%A 1%E 4%BA%8 B%E 4 %BB%B 6

台灣的情形 • 柳大洪:海洋溢油污染應變 300 • http: //www. ilepb. gov. tw/Jobs/01001_03 _Files/1000706%E 6%B 5%B 7%E

台灣的情形 • 柳大洪:海洋溢油污染應變 300 • http: //www. ilepb. gov. tw/Jobs/01001_03 _Files/1000706%E 6%B 5%B 7%E 6%B 4%8 B% E 6%BA%A 2%E 6%B 2%B 9%E 6%B 1%A 1%E 6 %9 F%93%E 6%87%89%E 8%AE%8 A. pdf

Oil spill和影響 • https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oil_spill

Oil spill和影響 • https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oil_spill

延伸閱讀 • Microbes and oil spills: a report from the Academy of Microbiology 301

延伸閱讀 • Microbes and oil spills: a report from the Academy of Microbiology 301 • Wildlife and oil spills, US EPA文件 302 • Literature review on the use of commercial bioremediation agents for cleanup of oil-contaminated estuarine environments, US EPA文件 306