Oil and natural gas Floating oil drilling platform
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Oil and natural gas Floating oil drilling platform Oil drilling platform on legs Gas well Coal Oil storage Oil well Pipeline Valves Mined coal Geothermal power plant Area strip mining Pump Imper Geothermal Contour energy strip mining Hot water storage Pipeline Under gr coal m ound ine vious rock N a Oil tural ga s Water Coal seam Water i brougs heated an steam ht up as d d ry or wet steam Hot ro ck Magm a Drilling tower Water penetrates down through the rock Fig. 16 -2, p. 357
Global Energy Production
OIL – still not mixing with vinegar • WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE? ROCK! • Oil is found inside pores of rock in droplet form • WHERE IS IT FOUND? Mostly along tectonic belts (plate boundaries) • WHAT TYPE OF ROCKS? Mostly porous rocks (sandstone, limestone) are reservoir rocks. Hydrocarbons are pushed to the surface and capped. • HOW DOES IT FORM? Buried organic material, heat & pressure
Petroleum 101 • CRUDE OIL – fossil fuel produced by decomposition of deeply buried dead organic matter • MADE OF? Mostly hydrocarbons, some sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen too! • METHODS OF PROCESSING: q Primary Recovery q Secondary Recovery (35%) P & S q Enhanced or Tertiary Recovery (10 -25%) TERTIARY RECOVERY PROCESS
Pros Cons -Cheap -Limited US supply -Transportation -Pollution (air, water) -High net energy yield -Land Disturbance Distillation process for oil accounts for 8% of US energy consumption!! MUST USE ENERGY TO MAKE ENERGY!! Low Prices encourage waste – infrastructure inhibits change or improvements in energy efficiency
Oil Shale/ Tar Sands OIL SHALE TAR SAND • Fine grained rock • Mixture of clay, sand, containing solid, waxy water & bitumen mixture of • Often found in hydrocarbons sedimentary rock (kerogen) formations • Known as a synfuel • Most reserves are (synthetic of fossil fuels – oil from found in Alberta, kerogen) Canada
• Resources and Reserves Total amount of oil in the world is estimated at 4 trillion barrels. (Half is thought to be ultimately recoverable) v In 1999, proven reserves were estimated at 1 trillion barrels. - As oil becomes depleted and prices rise, it will likely become more economical to find and bring other deposits to market. Ø
Global Recoverable Oil Reserves
Natural Gas – not just your regular flatulence • Mostly methane (CH 4), trace amounts of ethane, propane, butane and hydrogen sulfide • Form from breakdown of hydrocarbons(petroleum) in places of intense heat & pressure • Found above most reservoir rock of crude oil • Butane & propane are removed and liquefied natural gas and stored as pressurized gas
How much do we have? • US = 2 -3% • US 60 -70 yr. Supply • Russia & “stans” = 40% • Provides ¼ of all the energy used in the United States • World Reserves ~ 125 yrs • Very Plentiful – if it can be recovered!
Why we should • easy to transport (pipelines) • easier to process than coal or oil • High energy yield!! • LOW POLLUTION FACTOR** • Burns cleanly & almost entirely • Extraction does less damage to the environment (pipes verses mining of rock) Why we shouldn’t • H 2 S & SO 2 are produced • Must be converted to LNG before it can be shipped (Liquid N. G) • Conversion of LNG reduces energy yield and is expensive and dangerous • Could leak in the atmosphere and methane = more damaging greenhouse gas than CO 2
TYPICAL COAL BURNING POWER PLANTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS High CO 2 emissions (greenhouse gas) q Other emission: SO 2 (acid rain); NOx; & Mercury q Human health impact – respiratory diseases q China largest global consumer of coal reserves q Large disruption to land q Acid Rain q Global Climate Change Coal Supplies 50% of our electrical needs in the United States
Produces synthetic natural gas by coal liquefaction COAL GASIFICATION Advantages q Large supply q Vehicle Fuel Disadvantages q High land impact q Increased Surface Mining q High CO 2 emissions q Higher cost q Lower net yield
CLEANING UP COAL! Cleaning Chemical/Physical cleaning of coal prior to combustion 1) Removes most of the sulfur dioxide Scrubbing - injection of limestone into gases, reaction of carbonate with sulfur dioxide produces calcium sulfate (sludge) 2) Reduces emissions of NOx . Fluidized-Bed Coal Combustion 3) Burns coal more efficiently and cheaply than conventional methods
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