Oil and Gas Equipment Types Controls and Emission

Oil and Gas Equipment Types, Controls and Emission Rates Scott F. Archer USDI – BLM National Science & Technology Center September 12, 2007

What is wrong with O&G? • There is a lot of it. • There will be more of it. • The process is fragmented. • Many small sources, not subject to permitting.

And it’s Ugly.

Where does it come from? • • Oil Gas Coal Bed Methane • Oil Shale • Tar Sands

Where is it located?

Where is it located?

Multiple Companies • • Exploration Drilling Servicing Trucking Pipelines Compressors Refining Sales

Leasing

Drilling • Very large diesel engines (500 -1500 hp) • Going to year-round operation • Going to multiple wells off a single pad

Testing • Post “Fracting” • Large quantities of water • “Free” flow to determine drawdown • CO, NOx, possible SO 2 emissions

“Oil” Well • Small well head engines • Separator • Dehydration • Evap Pond • Storage tanks • Waste pit

Dehydrator

Tanks • Water and/or crude • VOCs and HAPs • Sometimes H 2 S

Tanker Trucks • • Regular servicing VOC emissions Truck Exhaust Road Dust

Gas Compression • Wide range of sizes and types • Single cylinder Poppops • Converted Auto Engines • 500 hp + engines • Electrification • Use on-site fuels

The “Good”…

The “Typical”… (and not so typical)

and the “Ugly”

Exploration Three conditions must be present: 1) source rock, rich in organic material; 2) reservoir rock, such as porous and permeable limestone or dolomite; and 3) a trapping mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.

Exploration Methods to locate: 1) Maps; 2) Exploratory well “cuttings; ” and 3) Geophysical studies (gravity, magnetic, seismic reflectionsa trapping mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.

Exploration Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources ISSUE #37 | November 2005 © Phoenix Geophysics

Well Drilling • • Drill-site preparation (blading well pad) Rig up (transport by truck) “Spuding in” (beginning drilling operation) Drilling, casing and logging “Fracting” or “stimulating” Testing and cementing (flaring) Completion (Well Head)

Well Drilling

Drill Rigs Water rig for CBM produced-water disposal in the Powder River Basin between Buffalo and Gillette, WY. Proposed drilling depth is 14, 000 feet

Production

Production • • • Artificial lift (Pumpjack) Well Head Compression Separators (glycol) De-hydrators Tanks or pipelines

Ancillary Facilities VALERUS SUPPLIED AMJAD SUPPORTED TURNKEY APPLICATIONS Natural Gas Compression Production Equipment Process Equipment Fluid Control Wellhead Compression Separators Amine Storage & Transfer Pump Systems Gathering Dehydrators Dew Point Control Produced Water Injection Vapor Recovery Coolers CO 2/H 2 S Removal Amine or Membrane Power Generation Gas Storage Sand Traps Refrigeration Natural Gas Generator Sets Gas Pipeline Booster Stations Injection (Air or Gas) Gas Lift CNG Gas Process Onshore & Offshore Oil & Gas Line Heaters Cryogenic Diesel Generator Sets Meter Skids JT Fuel Conditioning Standby Units Diesel & Gasoline Refineries De-aerator & Boiler Feed Water Continuous Power Units Gas Filtration Turbo Drive Generator Sets Oil & Gas Line Heaters Environmental Solutions Co-Generation Power Plants

Ancillary Facilities • Gas sweetening (Amine Plant) • Sales/Pipeline Compression • Waste water injection Amine Sweetening Process LARGE COMPRESSOR STATION IN WYOMING Photos provided by Jeff Blend, Montana DEQ

Secondary Recovery Water flooding Also tertiary recovery with CO 2 gas injection

Air Pollutant Emissions

Air Pollutant Emissions

Air Pollutant Emissions

Air Pollutant Emissions

Air Pollutant Emissions

Air Pollutant Emissions

Alaskan Inspection and Enforcement For more information Contact Scott F. Archer Senior Air Resource Specialist 303. 236. 6400 scott_archer@blm. gov