Oikodomos Bratislava Workshop 14 th 20 th October

Oikodomos – Bratislava Workshop 14 th - 20 th October 2009 Principles of effective housing Andrea Bacová, Viera Joklová Faculty of Architecture STU, Bratislava, Slovakia

Historical background of effective housing in Slovakia Going through the history of humankind, dwelling units have been constructed with much effectiveness – e. g. near water, building and subsistence sources, with regards to the security, etc. Architectural shapes and dispozitions have been strongly determined by the utilization of local building materials, by the climate and landscape conditions, by social structures and working forms. Wooden folk architecture – Vlkolínec, Nord Slovakia, In Unesco from 1993 The authentic folk housing architecture in Slovakia has a lot of regional differencies. It is the result of the heritage of generations, which have adapted their life to the natural, social and cultural conditions of specific region.

In the north, mountain part of Slovakia with a lot of woods, the basic building material has been timber. The permanent woodcraft has been integrated to the living scenario of the past common society. During the centuries the repeated dispozitions of wooden houses with two or three interior spaces, covered by wooden shingles, embodied the effective unity of material, construction and architectural form

In the south part of Slovakia the house has been constructed from clay. This material has been combined by stone and partly by timber, wickers and straw. The columned entrance – veranda (gang), with its stuccoed or carved decorations, represented the more boastful housing architecture.

Dubravka – old village, longitudial grounds and housing structures, re-constructions

Dubravka – old village, re- arangement of longitudial grounds and new housing design

Is this effective housing? Bratislava Petržalka

What is EFFECTIVE ? “Effective” means “forceful; actual, operative; producing a specified effect; striking an impression. ” Effective housing design is the creative design, which respects the principles of the sustainable development in the special conditions of specific natural, cultural and social environment, reasonably utilizes natural sources, human knowledge and new technologies, with the main objective of creation the optimal and atractive living environment. Effective housing supports effective living. Effective housing design Variable inputs Development scenario Social scenario Spatial quality scenario

A. Development scenario A 1. Utilization and respect of local sources : natural (landscape, climate, topography, ecosystems, water and raw materials) and cultural (existing architecture, traditions, implementation to neighbourhood structures and new development) Zahorska Devinska Nova Ves Bystrica Lamac Dubravka Centre

A. Development scenario A 1. Utilization and respect of local sources

A. Development scenario A 1. Utilization and respect of local sources

A. Development scenario A 2. Optimalized measurable effective parameters for sustainable housing design: optimal density, size, layout, technology

A. Development scenario A 2. 1 Density - expressed by the indicators of urban economy : number of inhabitants, dwellings per hectare, floor space index, ground space index or the portion of the greenery, number of overground storeys, etc Examples of effective residential design (optimal density): Residential complex Cmyk, Prešov, arch. Irakli Eristavi, 2007, Reconversion of the residential complex (1, 8 ha) from the after war period (1950). Housing units: 190, density: 222 inhabitants per hectare. The function and urban structure has been preserved and at the same time designed a lot of and small flats. Main aspects of effectivity: density, social and living patterns,

Residential complex Cmyk, Prešov, arch. Irakli Eristavi, 2007, social scenario

A. Development scenario A 2. 2 Size – adequate proportions of rooms, flats, residential houses, common spaces, etc. for desirable living standards Residential complex Rozadol, Bratislava, arch. Peter Moravčík - Juraj Šujan, 2007 Context, spatial quality, adequate houses proportions

Residentiaal complex Rosadol in the new structure witch applies the stair, corridor and point – high type of residential house. Basic spatial concept applies the division on public, semiprivat and privat spaces.

A. Development scenario A 2. 3. Layout – optimal and flexible housing and urban space structure and dispozitions, reflecting the social structure, living scenario and demography trends, natural and climatic conditions, orientation, ground relief, etc. Residential complex Koprivnica, Bratislava, arch. Andrej Gurtler, Anton Kiska, 2007 Spatial layout with building blocks

Residential complex Koprivnica, Bratislava, arch. Andrej Gurtler, Anton Kiska, 2007 Higher part of the façade optimally corresponds with the urban structure, building has expression and articulation to parter, body and roof

Optimal Layout - Residential complex Koprivnica, Bratislava, Flats have optimal size, most of them are double room flats for young families, singles and older inhabitants (for 2 members households )

Effectivity visible in plan dispozitions – optimal size of the housing units, division on day and night zones, common closed corridor, lodgies.

Optimal layout enables the interior/ exterior contacts, through big glasses walls. Residential complex, Karloveske Rameno, Bratislava, arch. Juraj Šujan – Karol Stassel, 2006 Flat with 4 rooms (Rozadol, Bratislava) with typical layout and division to daily and night zone, or social and private zone. Optimal space for contemporary family (4 members). Living room with kitchen in one space, 3 rooms, equipment.

A. Development scenario A 2. 4. Technology – adequate materials and technology used with regard to the sustainable design, with utilization of local and recycled sources and respecting low energy design Typical building material for housing buildings in Slovakia are bricks, cement, iron supported cement, rarely wood, which is applied sometimes in family houses. Fasades apply ceramics, stone and polyvinyl systems. Energy pasport – which express the energy efficiency of buildings is nowadays the complusory certification of all new or re- vitalized buildings

Residential complex Mondrian, Bratislava , arch. Alexy-Klimková, 2003: application of actual materials for the aesthetic expression of facades (west

A. Development scenario A. 3 Mixed land use - mixed areas with the optimal proportion of residential units, amenities, working and public spaces. Atractive network of public spaces, public and private gardens, green areas, open space elements, urban furniture and parter, which offer bioclimatic comfort

A. Development scenario A. 4 Transport and infrustructure integration - connection to public transport system; design of the save walking networks without barriers; separate cycle tracks; creation of carfree areas by the optimalized proportion of functions (dwelling, working, shopping, education, relax, services) in walkable distances; reduction of parking areas; car sharing program; utilization of existing transport networks

To the effective housing design belongs the optimal segregation of cars, walkers and cyclists and the optimal solution of parking places. Underground parking with the ratio 1: 1, 5 or 1: 2 (for 1 housing unit 1, 5 -2 parking places). Technology solution is determined by the modul, which is nowadays 7, 5 m (width for 3 cars).

A. Development scenario A. 5 Ecological aspects - good location, orientation and dispositions of housing units with compact volumes and high standard of insulation for energy efficiency Compact facades without thermical bridges support ecology concepts and energy saving design. Residential complex Mondrian, Bratislava , arch. Alexy-Klimková, East facade

Residential complex Karloveské rameno, Bratislava, arch. Juraj Šujan – Karol Stassel, 2006 Residential blocks are optimally oriented, with south orientation of terraces. Interior hall is designed like the light internall street – spine of the house and light source (through roof windows. It is at the same time the space for social contacts of the inhabitants.

B. Social scenario B 1. Social and cultural living patterns. Effective design should support the appropriate life structure and eliminate the stress resulted from the life in artifitial, urban environment. Design of effective residential space should considered the specific cultural and social traditions, which can be influenced by the major character specifics of the ethnic/ nation, or simple by the climate. It is important to recognize the natural living patterns of the community and support them by the appropriate space design.

B. Social scenario B 2. Variability and flexibility of the design reflecting the demography prognosis, social structures, living, working and family patterns and its adaptability according to actual needs of the family; working at home. Demography prognosis can strongly support the effective housing design by the presupposition of the family patterns, structure of the population and future dwellers. Residential complex Eden-park, Bratislava, 2 – room flats, plans Statistics show that the most desirable are nowadays 2 and 3 rooms flats with the living area around 70 m 2. They are most wanted by the actual young and middle generation. The price of such dwellings should be able to pay by the usage of hypothece bank products.

B. Social scenario B 3. Accessibility, inclusion and social interactions - design for all; design without barriers; design for vulnerable social groups, seniors, students, young families, ethnic groups; accessibility of functions within walking distances. Effective design for life-long living includes the housing design adaptable for various age, social, family and community demands. Effective design should suppress the phenomenon of „social lonelyness in the city” by the adequate articulation of private, semipublic and public spaces, which effectively facilitate the social contacts within variable living

B. Social scenario B 4. Community and local participation in the planning and decision making process. For the effective design of residential structures it is important as well the participation of their future inhabitants, owners, planners, experts, associations and other stakeholders involved in the development area in the planning and decision making process.

C. Spatial quality scenario Corresponds with the immesurable parameters of effective housing design and supports the spatial quality of the housing design, with the possitive attributes for the liveable city and for the attractive and effective living conditions Immesurable parameters of effective design are encoded in our perceptions and experiences - memory spatial footprint, image, genius loci, feelings of safety, social integrity, spatial orientation, urban democracy and support of the endangerests

C. Spatial quality scenario C 1 Composition and harmony with the environment and respecting human scale C 2 Positive perception of the environment by the inhabitants and passengers C 3 Image of the city, city attractive views image of the space, strenghtening the specific genius loci C 4 Safety – design, which emphasized the feeling of communal safety within the residential district C 5 Integration of landscape, green, water and artifitial elements

andrea. bacova@stuba. sk joklova@fa. stuba. sk