OH NO Karls got the lamp shade on

OH NO! Karl’s got the lamp shade on his head again!

RUSSIA AND E. EUROPE

Russian Revolutions • The February Revolution of 1917 • Displaced Czar Nicholas II of Russia – He was the final czar • Attempt to establish a liberal government – The Provisional Government (Feb – October) • The October Revolution • Bolshevik party(Lenin led) – Coup to overthrow the Provisional Government • Revolution in the name of the Soviets – workers council • Most occurs in Moscow but also in rural areas – Peasants seized and redistributed land.

Russian Revolution • Lenin (1917 – 1924) • NEP – permits some economic freedoms – Improved food and peasant life • USSR • Lenin’s death = Power struggle

Stalinism • Josef Stalin: 1922(1928) – 1953 • Trotsky • 5 year plans - #1 abolishes NEP, demands industrialization for security • Kulaks and collectivization – farms and tractor teamwork • Purges – workers and political dissidents • Anti-Hitler • WWII • The New Superpower • destalinization

Khrushchev • • 1953 – 1964 Space race Cuba Cold war

• "The Spirit of Great Lenin and His Victorious Banner inspires us during this Great Patriotic War" (Joseph Stalin)

challenges • • 1956: Hungary 1968: Czechoslovakia 1980: Poland 1989: disintegration

How did the SOVIET UNION (Russia) replicate the past? • • • Authoritarian Centralization of power Emphasized territorial expansion Cultural isolation from the west Domination of Russians over other ethnics

China, Japan, and the Pacific Rim in the 20 th Century

Qing to Republic • Mid-19 th century flooding and other economic issues make peasants unhappy • Increased social unrest • Social and economic systems could not cope with the changes of increased population • Taiping Rebellion • An attempt to overthrow Qing government • Attempt thwarted but secret societies working towards overthrowing continued

Qing to Republic (cont’d) • End of 19 th century • Children of scholar-gentry and compradors (wealthy merchants) work towards overthrowing Qing Dynasty • 1905 – Civil Service exams end • Signified the end of the strong Confucian influence of society • Today, some influence remains • Sun Yat-sen • led failed attempts at toppling the empire • Successful in 1911

The Republic is Established • Republic of China established in 1912 • Sun Yat-Sen was the first leader (president) • Headed the Kuomintang(KMT) to govern over the Chinese Republic • Early years were quite turbulent

Republic of China (cont’d) • 1925 – Chiang Kai-shek controlled the KMT after Sun Yat. Sen’s death • With the support of the Soviet Union, he drove out rival warlords • Once the KMT regained control, Chiang purged the country of communists • Actually wanted to “eliminate” them • Sino-Japanese War – defeated by the Japanese but they benefited from Japan’s loss in WWII • Seen as a solid country and an ally to the West against communism •

Post World War II China • Chinese Civil War • KMT vs Communist Party of China • Communist Party of China emerges victoriously led by Mao Zedong • People’s Republic of China • Established October 1, 1949 as a communist state • Nationalists (KMT and Chiang Kai-Shek) forced out of China and move to Taiwan

Mao’s Push for the Future • Work towards developing the infrastructure of the country • Strengthen industry, healthcare, and education to raise living standard • The Great Leap Forward • Collectivization

The “Great” Leap Forward • Communes – ppl working together to form selfsufficent economic units with light industry • Collectivization – agricultural unit requiring large amounts of peasants working together not for a wage but for a share of the farms’ output. • Result? • Initially, the economy grew drastically(1958) but by 1961, it had collapsed • Poor economic planning led to… • DISASTER!! • Statistics inflated and falsified to give impression that it was successful • Estimated that 20 million people died (many from starvation)

The Cultural Revolution • Mao’s attempt to purge the country of “counterrevolutionaries” and spread communist and Marxist ideology • 1968 – Mao himself was “promoted” and achieved a “god-like” status • He became the source of everything that was provided • Begins to lose control

Mao’s problems • Purges government of officials that give him problems and sends them to labor camps • Top officials try to stage a coup and assassinate Mao( Unsuccessful) • 1976 – Mao dies • 1978 – Deng Xiaoping takes charge • Moved more towards a Mixed economy but still communist and oppressive of “rival” groups

Post World War II Japan • Adopts a new constitution and a constitutional monarchy • Aggressive industrialization • Large emphasis on education • Economy stresses working together of all parties involved (workers and companies) and high job security • By 1980 s, one of the top economies in the world • Elements of society in Japan are still highly traditional

Pacific Rim Economic Commonalties • Team emphasis allows the ability for fast economic growth • Loyalty vs. individualism • Confucian shapes moral code • Many countries after initial success have had to move to a western model • Thailand Indonesia to counter slow or declining economies • 4 Asian Tigers • Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong

The Cold War 1945 -1990 US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Define Cold War • The strategic and political struggle that developed after WWII between the United States and it’s Western European allies and the Soviet Union and Eastern European allies • Democracy vs. Communism

Cold War Characterisitcs • A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the USSR that spread throughout the world-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. • It was a struggle that contained everything short of war. • Each side denied the others right to exist. • Each side used propaganda against the other.

Causes of the Cold War • Different political systems -US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom -USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control • Both thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions • Stalin despised capitalism

Causes of Cold War • Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference • American fear of a communist attack(Red Scare) and USSR’s fear of a US attack • USSR’s fear of the atomic bomb • USSR’s actions in their German zone • USSR’s goal to spread communism around the world • This feeling of suspicion lead to mutual distrust and this did a great deal to deepen the Cold War

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for: US USSR • Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression • Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa • Stop the spread of communism • Wanted to create greater security for itself -lost millions in WWII and Stalinist purges -feared a strong Germany • Establish defensible borders • Encourage friendly governments on it’s borders • Spread communism

Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are

Truman Doctrine • • In 1947 the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas. They appealed to America for aid, and the response was the Truman Doctrine. • America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism. • • Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists. The Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that America, the most powerful western country, was prepared to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.

Marshall Plan • In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan. • This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war. • There were two motives for this: – Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry. – A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably the main motive.

The Berlin Crisis(June 1948 -May 1949) •

• In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's(US, France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to Marshal Aid. • The west wanted the east to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security. • In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector. • He cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission. • The west responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive. • In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

NATO aka the “We Hate Communism” Club • • In 1949 the western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate their defense against Russia. It consisted of: -America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy • Still around today

East and West Germany •

Senator Joe Mc. Carthy • • Joseph Mc. Carthy (1908 -1957) was a Republican Senator from Appleton, Wisconsin, who did the most to whip up anti-communism during the 1950 s.

US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952 • 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb • Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

Stalin Dies-1953 Nikita Khrushchev Takes Over • Talks of peaceful coexistence and destalinization

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

Berlin Wall-1961

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

SDI- “Star Wars”

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR Perestroika – restructuring of the Soviet economy Ex – Glasnost – openness and honesty in discussing the problems the country faced

Berlin Wall Comes Down Nov. 9, 1989

Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia

Putin New Leader in Russia

How did it differ from the past? • Destroyed the Russian aristocracy • De-emphasized the Orthodox religion • Created an industrial society with an social hierarchy • Socialist realism in arts • Industrial patterns of family

20 th Century Decolonization and Nationalism Susan Graham and Deborah Smith Johnston Lexington High School djohnston@sch. lexington. ci. ma. us sgraham@sch. lexington. ci. ma. us

Global Events influential in Decolonization • Imperialism • Growing Nationalism • World War II • Cold War

World War I • Promises of self-determination • Use of colonial soldiers in trenches • Locals filled posts left by colonial powers during war • Financial strain on empire • Treaty of Versailles

World War II • Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and as a result of the global depression • Costs of empire • US support of anti-colonial liberation movements • Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live” • Soviets condemned colonialism

Cold War • Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas. • Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races). • Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.

Process of Decolonization and Nation- Building • • Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s. Three patterns: 1. Civil war (China) 2. Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa) 3. Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

Negotiated Independence in India and Africa • Independence with little bloodshed in India and much of colonial Africa in decades following World War II. • Why? At what cost?

India Case Study Background • India and other Asian colonies were the first to establish independence movements. • Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of modification of colonial regimes.

India: History of the Movement • Indian National Congress party founded in 1885. (Elite group not mass movement) • Growth of Indian national identity- presented grievances to the British. • Congress party attracted mass following which opposed shift from the production of food to commercial crops. • Gandhi and Congress leadership tried to prevent mass peasant uprising (as was happening in China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.

Militant Nationalists • B. G. Tilak urged a boycott of British manufactured goods and used threats of terrorism. • Attracted a violent conservative Hindu following. • Tilak was exiled and his movement was repressed by the British.

Peaceful Protests • Mohandas Gandhi and other western educated lawyers led peaceful alternative. • Nation-wide protest against colonialism through boycotts and campaigns of civil resistance. • His efforts were not well received by the Muslims who formed a separate organization in 1906, The Muslim League. • Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on partitioned state (Hindu and Muslim).

Continued Indian Resistance • Salt March, 1931 • Government of India Act 1935

Indian Independence • August 1947 Pakistan and India gained independence. • Mass killings of Muslims and Hindus (1 million) followed by mass migrations (12 million). (Gandhi fasted to prevent war> assassination) • Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister, began modernization campaign.

Decolonization in the Middle East- Palestine and Israel • • • Zionism 1917 Balfour Declaration Immigration of Jews to Palestine European Holocaust Increase of migration 1947 - end of British mandate of Palestine and failed UN partition solution • 1948 establishment of Israel • Regional conflicts->

Egypt • 1906 Dinshawai incident aroused nationalist passions. • Actions post- Indep (1936) not sufficient. • Coup d’etat in 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser • Nationalization of Suez 1956 protested by Israelis, British and French but diplomacy won over eventually. • Nasser= symbol of pan-Arab nationalism.

Africa for Africans • Nationalists composed of exservicemen, urban unemployed & under-employed, and the educated. • Pan-Africanism and Negritude • Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American)

De-colonization in Africa • 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. • By 1963, all of British ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

De-colonization in French-ruled Africa • Initially more resistant than the British. • Encouraged closer French ties- assimilation, not autonomy. • Not willing to go far enough in granting rights. • With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had granted independence.

Leopold Sedar Senghor • Western educated • Negritude: validation Francophone of African culture and intellectual from the African past by the Senegal Negritude poets. Recognized attributes • Poet who became first of French culture but president of Senegal. were not willing to be • Advocated democratic assimilated into socialism and Europe. negritude.

Violent and Incomplete Decolonizations • Presence of European immigrant groups impeded negotiations, leading to violence. For example, Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern Africa • Vietnam’s de-colonization complicated by France’s colonial ties and cold war politics.

Kenya • Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition of power. • Kenya (20, 000 Europeans only) led to violent revolt. • Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed by British. • 1963 independence granted to black majority, led by Kenyatta.

Algeria • Appeal of Arab nationalism • Large French settler population • 1954 - 1962 war between FLN (nationalist party) and French troops • “part of France” • 300, 000 lives

South Africa • 4 million white residents • Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won 1948 election • Apartheid • No protests tolerated (African National Congress, Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960) • 1990’s black government elected

Vietnam • French rule since 1880’s –rice, mining, and rubber exports • Rise of foreign educated intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh) • Formation of Viet Minh in 1941 • Guerrilla War with France (1946 -1954) • Divided country in 1954 led to gradual US entry to contain communism.

Women as leaders in the Movement • Women fought alongside men in whatever capacities were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China, Vietnam, India and elsewhere. • China, 1942: “ The fighting record of our women does not permit us to believe that they will ever again allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a national enemy or by social reaction at home. ” • Women given constitutional rights but social and economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial developing nations.

Literature and Decolonization • Expressions of nationalism and rejections of western superiority. • Gandhi, “ I make bold to say that the Europeans themselves will have to remodel their outlooks if they are not to perish under the weight of the comforts to which they are becoming slaves. ” • Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart • Senghor, “Snow upon Paris” • Aime Cesaire, West Indian poet, founder of Negritude “Return to my Native Land”

International Organizations and Decolonization • League of Nations • United Nations • Organization of African Unity (1963)

Fall of Empire: Fall out and Legacy • Colonial footprint • Problems of Transition • Problems of Identity

Challenges of Independence • • Ethnic disputes Dependent economies Growing debt Cultural dependence on west-> religious revivalism as backlash • Widespread social unrest • Military responses to restore order • Population growth • Resource depletion • Lack of middle class in some locales • Education deficit and later, brain drain. • Neo-colonialism through economic debt.

Conclusions • Decolonization was sometimes a violent process - dependent in large part on how many settlers had come to the colony. • In many parts of world, decolonization was not revolutionary. Power passed from one class of elites to another. Little economic and social reform occurred. • Significant challenges faced independent nations. • Western economic dominance of the global trade system continued unabated. WHY?

West • • Consumer goods Capitalism Parliamentary govt Lost colonies after 1945 vs USSR • Concentrated on heavy industry • Govt control of resources, planning and production • Authoritarian govt • Kept subjugated lands until 1980 • Birthrates fell

The End of the Soviet Union • Gorbachev’s new policies brought about new government policies that were not as oppressive – Perestroika – restructuring of the Soviet economy – Ex – Glasnost – openness and honesty in discussing the problems the country faced • Led to reduced government censorship, public protest, and eventually reform • The new push was for democracy • Unemployment skyrocketed under this new government structure

Post Soviet Union Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Latin America in the 20 th Century

Latin America in the 19 th Century • Gained independence • Legacy of colonization left many problems: – Powerful militaries – One-crop economies – Sharp class divisions • European and U. S. economic domination – Dependency Theory • Rulers more interested in personal power than in democracy

Political Instability • Influence of caudillos • Creole elites supported the status quo • Little experience with European democracy • Foreign Intervention – Monroe Doctrine – Spanish American War – Panama Canal

Mexico

Mexican Revolution • Preliminary Phase – Porfirio Diaz dominated Mexican politics and tried to industrialize using foreign capital • Initial Phase – Moderate reforms of Francisco Madero • Radical Phase – Civil war between Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata • both demanded radical reforms • • Recovery Phase…

Recovery Phase • Constitution of 1917 – Mexican government owned the subsoil and its products – State had the right to redistribute land to peasants after confiscating it and compensating the landowners • Lazaro Cardenas (1934 -1940) – Redistributed 45 million acres to peasants – Seized control of Mexican oil wells from foreign investors

The PRI • • Institutional Revolutionary Party, 1946 Provided stability Not a true democracy PRI controlled the Congress and won every election; fraud and corruption

Economy Since the Revolution • Substantial land reforms continued • Many Mexicans face poverty and unemployment • Substantial foreign debt • Economic decline – New oil reserves found as world oil prices fell • NAFTA

Cuba

Cuban Revolution • Preliminary – Fulgencio Batista – Economic growth – U. S. Influence • 1958, Fidel Castro overthrows Batista – 26 th of July Movement – Aided by Ernesto “Che” Guevara

Castro’s Cuba • Provided reforms – economy, literacy, health care, improvement for women. • Harsh dictator – suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents, restricted the press. • Nationalized Cuban economy – Castro turned to Soviets for economic and military aid. • Cuban Missile Crisis

Guatemala • Reformers threaten to nationalize industry and agriculture – United Fruit Co. threatened by reforms • C. I. A. helps topple reformist government in 1954 • U. S. supported dictatorship

Brazil

Government in the Early 20 th Century • Originally government supports coffee and cacao planters and rubber exporters – Large gap between rich and poor • Getulio Vargas rules as a dictator in 1930 s – Suppressed political opposition. – Promoted economic growth and helped make Brazil a modern industrial nation

Post WWII Brazil • Government dominated by dictators • Continued economic modernization – Encouraged foreign investment to promote development projects. – Debt soared and inflation increased, causing hardship for most Brazilians. • Movements towards democracy since 1980 – Hampered by government corruption

Argentina

Post WWII Argentina • • Juan Peron (1946 -1954) promoted “nationalistic populism” – – Called for industrialization Supported the working classes Limited foreign economic intervention Wife (Eva) focused on helping the poor • • Military dictators dominate 60 s, 70 s, & 80 s – “Death Squads” fought a “dirty war” against subversives from 1976 -1983 • Democratic reforms demanded in the 1980 s

Other US Intervention • Banana Republics – U. S. backed dictators in a capitalist economic system • U. S. backed dictatorships – Augusto Pinochet in Chile – Manuel Noriega in Panama • Military intervention – Sandinistas (USSR) vs. Contras (US) in Nicaragua

Stearns Chapter 34 - 36 Connecting the World in the 20 th and Early 21 st century

East Asia Post WWII • China – Communist • Korea – Divided • Taiwan – Isolated • Hong Kong – “independent” • Singapore – K, HK, and S become economically advanced

Japanese Surge • Japan follows a model based upon democracy and traditional values • South Korea and other areas of East Asia see similar levels of success

Democracy in the last ½ of the 20 th Century • Most of Latin America (not Cuba) • Some Former Soviet Republics • Some Middle East

Anti – Democracy in the last ½ of the 20 th Century • North Korea • China (student demonstrations) • Iraq/Iran

FSU (Former Soviet Union) Issues • Ethnic Conflict – Chechnya (Muslims) vs Russians (Christian) – Yugoslavia • • • Orthodox Serbs Catholic Croats Muslim Bosnians Serbs (non orthodox) Domino of independence – Slovenia, Croatia, BH, etc… – Kosobo March 2008 •

Ongoing Disputes • • • Conflict in Iraq (Invasions of 1991, 2001) Palestine and Israel India and Pakistan (Kashmir) Sudan – Civil War and the Lost Boys Rwanda – Hutu-Tutsi Civil War Darfur (Sudan) – Genocide/Militia rule

Anti-Terrorism and September 11 • Militarized the world • US takes on much of the responsibility • “War on Terror” – How does it cause issues in the present and future for the US?

GLOBALIZATION • The Role of Technology – Internet, cell phones, media connectivity • Multinational Corporations – The New “NATIONS” of the world – What is their role? • EU, IMF, NAFTA • WTO, World Bank (Both protested) • Birth of Fundamentalism

Globalism Economic issues vs. cultural issues • 1944 – Bretton Woods – International Monetary Fund (IMF) – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 • Foundations for United Nations 1944 and established in 1945 • World Trade Organization formed in 1995

Trading blocs • • • The European Union – Begun in 1957 with six nations, now includes fifteen – A common market, free trade, free travel within the Union – Eleven members adopted a common currency, the Euro, in 1999 – Expectations of a European Political Union eventually Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – Cartel established in 1960 to raise global oil prices – After Arab-Israeli war of 1973, OPEC placed embargo on oil to United States, Israel's ally – Price of oil quadrupled from 1973 to 1975, triggered global recession – Overproduction and dissension among members diminished influence, 1990 s Regional trade associations formed to establish free-trade zones for member states – Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967, five members – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993: United States, Canada, Mexico

Globalization (cont’d) • Disease spread and management – Why is AIDS/HIV such a big issue in the world? – SARS, Avian Flu, Swine Flu