Ogni lingua ad ogni suo momento il risultato

Ogni lingua è, ad ogni suo momento, il risultato della convergenza di elementi, giunti da ogni parte agli uomini che la creano…ogni unità linguistica è il prodotto di un processo di integrazione…parallela a quella dei parlanti è integrazione l’integrazione tra sistemi linguistici. V. Pisani Attilia Lavagno 1

LOANWORDS & CALQUES ATTILIA LAVAGNO Nota: le slides con sfondo grigio riguardano la gestione delle attività di formazione, quelle con sfondo chiaro sono da mostrare ai corsisti Attilia Lavagno 2

FASE 1 MODULO PONTE o o o DESTINATARI: insegnanti dei due ordini in DESTINATARI: un momento di confronto OBIETTIVO : Elicitare conoscenze pregresse e condividere terminologia specifica di riferimento METODO : brainstorming raccolta info (poster) presentazione ppt preparata dal formatore Attilia Lavagno 3

METODO : STEPS o o o Brainstorming : Gli insegnanti (divisi in gruppi plurilingue) a)concordano una definizione di “prestito linguistico” e “calco linguistico” e cercano esempi nelle varie lingue b)traducono i due termini nelle lingue comunitarie presenti nel gruppo Raccolta info : Il formatore raccoglie le parole chiave in un poster Input teorico per gli Insegnanti di Lingua Inglese: Inglese il formatore (avvalendosi della presentazione ppt) condivide con i corsisti brevi cenni di storia della Lingua Inglese Attilia Lavagno 4

INPUT TEORICO 1 o o Il formatore presenta alcune definizioni del termine LOANWORD cercando collegamenti con i risultati del brainstorming dei corsisti raccolti nel poster Applica la stessa metodologia per il termine CALQUE Attilia Lavagno 5

DEFINITIONS of LOANWORD o A word imported by borrowing from another language e. g English chamber is one of many loanwords introduced from Old french in the Middle ages ( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics) Attilia Lavagno 6

o a word borrowed from another language e. g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English (http: //www. princeton. edu) o A word taken from one language for use, unchanged, in another The word "exit" is a loanword from Latin. (http: //www. allwords. com) Attilia Lavagno 7

o A word adopted from another language and completely or partially naturalized e. g hors d'oeuvre from French. (http: //www. thefreedictionary. com) o a word taken into one language from another (synonym borrowing) (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) Attilia Lavagno 8

DEFINITIONS OF CALQUE o A word or expression which has been formed by translation of a corresponding word or expression in another language. e. g. French gratte-ciel is a calque on English skyscraper (lit. “scratch sky”) ( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics) Attilia Lavagno 9

o A word or phrase in one language whose semantic components (words or parts of words) are translations from another language. For example, the English phrase "blue blood" is a calque of the Spanish phrase sangre azul (sangre means "blood" and azul means "blue") (http: //spanish. about. com) Attilia Lavagno 10

o In linguistics a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word for word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root for root translation. For example, the common English phrase “flea market” is a phrase calque that literally translates the french "marché aux puces". (http: //en. wikipedia. org) Attilia Lavagno 11

o A word-for-word translation of a saying or a morpheme-bymorpheme translation of a word from one language to another. e. g. The word watershed is a from German Wasserscheide (http: //www. allwords. com) Attilia Lavagno 12

o CALQUE/LOAN TRANSLATION : A form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of a given term are literally translated into their equivalents in the borrowing language. e. g. English superman is a loan translation from German Übermensch. (http: //www. answers. com) Attilia Lavagno 13

INPUT TEORICO 2 o Chiarito il significato dei termini chiave di riferimento, il formatore procede con una presentazione sintetica relativa alla storia della lingua Inglese con l’obiettivo di sottolineare i nodi storici che hanno prodotto prestiti da altre lingue, in primo luogo dal Latino Attilia Lavagno 14

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE o o AD 450 Old English (OE) period arrival of West Germanic settlers (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) in southern Britain: they brought with them dialects (which would produce modern German, Dutch and Frisian). Attilia Lavagno 15

A GERMANIC BASIS FOR ENGLISH o o This Germanic basis for English can be seen in much of our everyday vocabulary – compare heart (OE heorte), come (OE cuman) and old (OE eald) with German Herz, kommen and alt. Many grammatical features also date back to this time: irregular verbs such as drink ~ drank ~ drunk (OE drincan ~ dranc ~ (ge)druncen) parallel German trinken ~ trank ~ getrunken. Attilia Lavagno 16

TRADING WITH THE ROMAN EMPIRE o o o The GERMANIC TRIBES traded and fought with the Latin speaking Roman Empire. Many words (some originally from Greek) for common objects therefore entered their vocabulary via Latin even before the tribes reached Britain. Some examples are: anchor, butter, camp, cheese, chest, cook, devil, dish, fork, gem, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, noon, pillow, pin, pound, , sack, street, wall, wine. Attilia Lavagno 17

Christianity o 6 th and 7 th century: Christian missionaries introduced Latin religious terms providing both vocabulary (e. g. abbot, altar, apostle, bishop, church, clerk, disciple, mass, minister, monk, nun, pope, priest, school) and the basis for the writing system. Attilia Lavagno 18

MIDDLE ENGLISH o o between the 11 th and 14 th centuries: transition to Middle English (ME) (conventionally dated c. 1100 1500) Historical facts : Norman conquest, French dominance Attilia Lavagno 19

THE NORMAN CONQUEST o o o 1066 : The Norman Conquest The aristocracy spoke Anglo – Norman (which became Gallicised through contact with French). The Norman rulers made no attempt to suppress the English language, apart from not using it at all in their court. Attilia Lavagno 20

FRENCH DOMINANCE o o o French dominance and prestige in the royal court, law, the church and education encouraged extensive borrowing of vocabulary e. g. French words for farmed animals pork, beef and mutton (modern French porc, bœuf and mouton) were adopted The borrowed words came to signify only the meat of these animals, eaten by wealthier French speakers. the words inherited from OE (swine, cow and sheep) came to refer only to the living animals. Attilia Lavagno 21

MODERN ENGLISH o o o (Mod. E) started with the introduction of printing. 15 th century: Caxton’s selection of an East Midlands/London variety of English for the first printed books : development of a standardised variety of the language, with fixed spelling and punctuation conventions and accepted vocabulary and grammatical forms. attempts at codification, notably Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and many prescriptive grammars of the 18 th century. Attilia Lavagno 22

Bibliography / sitography o o P. Tornaghi “Tra lessico e semantica. Il ruolo del Latino nella soria della Lingua Inglese” in DUE CODICI A CONFRONTO , La Scuola 2002 Marisa Lohr “How English has changed over time” BBC OPEN UNIVERSITY http: //www. open 2. net G. Boeree “The Evolution of English” http: //webspace. ship. edu N. S. Gill “Etymology English Words with Latin Prefixes” http: //ancienthistory. about. com Attilia Lavagno 23

ATTIVAZIONE o o I corsisti (in gruppi plurilingue) discutono circa le modalità di insegnamento/presentazione dei prestiti linguistici. La discussione si avvale delle seguenti domande/stimolo Attilia Lavagno 24

DOMANDE PER DISCUSSIONE IN GRUPPO o o Nella tua esperienza hai già affrontato una riflessione in classe sui prestiti/calchi linguistici? Se sì, indica quando e per quali ragioni. In quale misura una ricognizione in questo senso può favorire un approccio plurilingue ed interculturale? Attilia Lavagno 25

o o Per lavorare in chiave interculturale con la lingua (soprattutto in presenza di alunni stranieri in classe), credi sia importante spiegare i prestiti ripercorrendo da dove vengono e perché sono usati nell’altra lingua? Pensi che analizzare in modo scientifico e rigoroso i prestiti, possa contrastare un atteggiamento di superficiale esterofilia presente nei giovani? Attilia Lavagno 26

PROPOSTE DI ATTIVITA’ o Raccolti gli esiti della discussione, il formatore propone alcune attività sui prestiti linguistici da svolgere in classe Attilia Lavagno 27

ACTIVITY 1 o o Target : 3 rd year Scuola Media students Objectives making students aware of common loanwords from Italian identifying loanwords semantic fields Attilia Lavagno 28

RUBRIC * 1. LEGGI ATTENTAMENTE IL SEGUENTE BRANO E SOTTOLINEA IN ROSSO LE PAROLE SCRITTE IN ITALIANO E IN BLU QUELLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALL’ITALIANO 2. RAGGRUPPA IN UNA TABELLA LE PAROLE SOTTOLINEATE IN BLU E AFFIANCALE AL TERMINE ITALIANO SIMILE 3. COSA HANNO IN COMUNE TUTTE LE PAROLE IN ROSSO? 4. CI SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE STESSE CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE IN ROSSO? * A rubric is a word or section of text which is written or printed in red ink to highlight it. The term derives from the Latin : rubrica, meaning red chalk and originates in Medieval manuscripts from the 13 th century or earlier. Attilia Lavagno 29

WHAT IS OPERA? Opera is a story told through music. The music is accompanied by an orchestra. Opera singers have a special timbre (colour or quality) to their voices that makes them able to project their voices over an orchestra. They do not use microphones! Opera began in Italy when a group of artists formed a group called the Florentine Camerata. Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved throughout the world. It is probably so popular and exciting because it is an art form that combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing). Opera stories are based on myths, folktales, great works of literature, biblical stories, fantasy, and real life stories. Operas are written in many languages; the most popular are Italian, German and French. Operas are also written in English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. Singers who perform in operas have different voice types. For women, these types are Soprano (high), Mezzo soprano (medium), and Contralto (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium), and Bass (low) are the names of voice types. Opera is special because it takes so many people to make it work. All of these elements put together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND ears. Now that you know what opera is, let’s find out more about Così fan tutte! o. Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDES ohttp: //www. sdopera. com Attilia Lavagno 30

KEYS o o Il formatore mostra come gli studenti potrebbero svolgere l’attività e discute con i corsisti delle modalità per ricercare l’origine delle parole in blu. Di seguitole keys alle domande 1 2 3 4 Attilia Lavagno 31

WHAT IS OPERA? Opera is a story told through music. The music is accompanied by an orchestra. Opera singers have a special timbre (colour or quality) to their voices that makes them able to project their voices over an orchestra. They do not use microphones! Opera began in Italy when a group of artists formed a group called the Florentine Camerata. Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved throughout the world. It is probably so popular and exciting because it is an art form that combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing). Opera stories are based on myths, folktales, great works of literature, biblical stories, fantasy, and real life stories. Operas are written in many languages; the most popular are Italian, German and French. Operas are also written in English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. Singers who perform in operas have different voice types. For women, these types are Soprano (high), Mezzo soprano (medium), and Contralto (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium), and Bass (low) are the names of voice types. Opera is special because it takes so many people to make it work. All of these elements put together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND ears. Now that you know what opera is, let’s find out more about Così fan tutte! o. Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDES ohttp: //www. sdopera. com Attilia Lavagno 32

PAROLE IN ITALIANO OPERA o ORCHESTRA o CAMERATA o SOPARANO o MEZZOSOPRANO o CONTRALTO o “COSI’ FAN TUTTE” SONO TUTTI TERMINI CHE APPARTENGONO AL CAMPO MUSICALE o Attilia Lavagno 33

PAROLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALL’ITALIANO o o o o o MUSIC TIMBRE COLOUR QUALITY PROJECT ITALY ARTISTS POPULAR ART ………… o o o o o Attilia Lavagno MUSICA TIMBRO COLORE QUALITA’ PROIETTARE ITALIA ARTISTI POPOLARE ARTE ……… 34

o MUSIC, TIMBRE, BARITONE, TENOR SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE IN ROSSO (appartengono cioè al campo semantico della musica) Attilia Lavagno 35

ACTIVITY 1 : DISCUSSION o Brainstorming e discussione sulle attività proposte e intorno a questi nodi: Ø WORD FORMATION e CAPACITA’ DI LETTURA Ø VOCABULARY ACQUISITION & CULTURAL STUDIES Attilia Lavagno 36

MORE ACTIVITIES o Il formatore mostra altri possibili stimoli per attività volte a sensibilizzare gli studenti sui fenomeni di prestito linguistico Attilia Lavagno 37

RUBRIC o o LEGGI I SEGUENTI TITOLI DI ARTICOLI TRATTI DALL’ECONOMIST E DAL TIMES E SOTTOLINEA LE PAROLE CHE L’ITALIANO HA PRESTATO ALL’INGLESE CERCA QUESTI TERMINI SUL DIZIONARIO MONOLINGUA INGLESE, ESISTE UNA TRADUZIONE POSSIBILE IN INGLESE? Attilia Lavagno 38

o o Italian Police Arrest Key Camorra Chief THE DEADLY CAMORRA: Naples Sinks into Mafia Violence Italy and the Mafia : Sicilian vespers A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia o o The Mafia in Naples : Gangsters go global The Sicilian Mafia: a state within the state. Lazio legend denies having links with Camorra Attilia Lavagno 39

FOLLOW UP o o Il formatore sottolinea come questa stessa attività possa essere rivolta agli studenti della quarta ginnasio (fase accoglienza) facendo seguire ai titoli anche parte degli articoli Di seguito un breve esempio Attilia Lavagno 40

The Sicilian Mafia: a state within the state. From: The Economist (US) The mafia exists much like a separate state within Italy, and its deeply rooted influence will make the government crusade a formidable task. The new anti-mafia laws passed by the Parliament are strong beginning for uprooting the mafia. Italian magistrates and police have at last dealt the Mafia some hard blows. But this syndicate of men of dishonour is deep rooted and far from beaten THE trouble with the Sicilian Mafia is that it is not like the movies. It is worse. Unlike the characters in "The Godfather", Sicily's real mafiosi are not just gangsters, even murderous gangsters, . . . Attilia Lavagno 41

Italy and the Mafia Sicilian vespers From The Economist A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia Lo Presti under arrest HE WAS found dead, hanging by his belt in Palermo’s Pagliarelli jail. The apparent suicide of a 52 year old Sicilian, Gaetano Lo Presti, on December 16 th put a grisly end to what investigators claimed was a drive by the Sicilian Mafia to give itself a new leadership. Mr Lo Presti was among 89 alleged mobsters detained in one of the biggest ever police operations in Sicily. Around 1, 200 semi-militarised Carabinieri were deployed in raids there and (as an indication of Cosa Nostra’s long reach) in placid Tuscany. Only five of those wanted by the police eluded capture. “Cosa Nostra is in evident crisis, ” exulted Italy’s chief anti-Mafia prosecutor, Piero Grasso. “It cannot manage to reorganise itself. ” Attilia Lavagno 42