Oceans Objective 8 E 1 2 Summarize evidence

Oceans

Objective 8. E. 1. 2 Summarize evidence that Earth's oceans are a reservoir of nutrients, minerals, dissolved gases, and life forms: estuaries, marine ecosystems, upwelling, and behavior of gases in the marine environment, and deep ocean technology and understandings gained.

The Oceans are the largest bodies of water on Earth. Oceans account for 97% of all water on Earth. We have 5 Oceans total: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Atlantic Pacific Indian Arctic Southern

The 5 Oceans

Ocean Zones

Intertidal Zone The intertidal zone, sometimes referred to as the “seashore”, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide. This area can include many different types of habitats, with many types of animals, such as crabs, starfish, sea urchins, and numerous species of coral. Organisms living in the intertidal zone have adapted to an environment of harsh extremes the temperature range can be anything from very hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates.

Intertidal Zone Low Tide – The intertidal zone becomes dry from low water levels. High Tide – The intertidal zone becomes submerged with water.

Neritic Zone The neritic zone is the relatively shallow part of the ocean between the low tide mark and the continental shelf. The neritic zone receives plenty of sunlight with a relatively stable temperature, making it suitable for aquatic plant life. The consistent temperatures and low pressure allow for marine life as small as plankton all the way to large fish, to thrive.

Oceanic Zone It is the region of open sea beyond the edge of the continental shelf where the water measures 200 meters deep, or deeper. The oceanic zone has a wide array of undersea terrain, including crevices that are often deeper than Mount Everest is tall, as well as deep-sea volcanoes and ocean basins. While it is often difficult for life to sustain itself in this type of environment, some species do thrive in the oceanic zone. Lets Name The Zones!

Oceanic Zone Oceanographers divide the oceanic zone into zones according to how far down sunlight penetrates. Photic Zone: 0 -200 m Epipelagic (Sunlight) Aphotic Zone: 200 -4, 000 m Mesopelagic (Twilight) & Bathypelagic (Midnight) Abyssal Zone: ≥ 4, 000 m Abyssopelagic (The Abyss) & Hadalpelagic (The Trenches)

The Sunlight Zone The Twilight Zone The Midnight Zone The Abyssal Zone

Motion of the Ocean

Ocean Currents An Ocean Current is a mass of moving water in the ocean Surface Currents originate from strong winds blowing over the ocean that are set in motion by uneven heating of Earth’s surface; cover large area. Northern Hemisphere – Clockwise Southern Hemisphere – Counter Clockwise Ex. Gulf Stream

Deep Currents Dense ocean water is by the poles, because it is cold. The cold water travels along the ocean floor

Deep Currents Upwelling – When water moves from great depths to the surface bringing nutrients

Deep Currents Downwelling – When water moves from the surface to great depths bringing O 2

What contributes to the amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean? How does oxygen get added to the ocean?

PLANTS! Through photosynthesis, aquatic plants release oxygen. It’s the exact same process as on land when plants release oxygen for us to breathe! Downwelling helps distribute the oxygen to lower levels where photosynthetic organisms (plants) don’t exist due to a lack of sunlight.

Ocean Exploration

If we’ve never really explored the deepest parts of the ocean, how do we know what the seafloor looks like?

Divers Deep sea divers were the very first methods of exploring the ocean.

Sonar = SOund Navigation And Ranging A system that sends sound pings to measure the distance between objects in water

Submersibles Satellites, sonar, and divers only scratch the surface of the oceans. Submersibles alone enable us to explore the abyssal depths. Submersible are capable of meeting the many challenges that the deep sea imposes upon explorers. Main types of submersibles: Submarines ROV (remotely operated vehicle) Underwater Habitat

ROV

Under Water Habitat

What are some of the benefits of these new technologies?

Parts of the Sea Floor

Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, to the east of the Mariana Islands http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Y 2 tm 40 u. Mh. DI http: //www. virginoceanic. com/

Hydrothermal Vent Areas of the sea floor, where hot water, heated by magma, rushes out

Ocean Water

Salinity Is a measure of the amount of dissolved salt in the ocean The oceans salinity has stayed the same for the past 1. 5 billion years

Salts Ocean water is a solution. Sodium Chloride is the main solute For every 100 grams of water there are 3. 5 grams of salt

Salts Mass of Salt Recovered (grams) Percentage of Total Salts Sodium chloride 2. 72 77. 71 Magnesium chloride 0. 38 10. 86 Magnesium sulfate 0. 17 4. 86 Calcium sulfate 0. 13 3. 71 Potassium sulfate 0. 08 2. 29 Calcium carbonate 0. 01 0. 29 Magnesium bromide 0. 01 0. 29 Total Salt 3. 5 100%

Salt Water Density Salt water is more dense than fresh water Ex. The dead sea Is so dense people float on it Salt water has a higher mass and therefore a higher density.

Temperature Warm water is less dense than cold water so it stays on the surface The deeper you go, the colder and more dense the water is.

Elements in the Ocean There is oxygen, CO 2, and other gases in the ocean…just like our atmosphere! All 92 naturally occurring elements can be found in the ocean water or floor.

Resources of the Ocean Fish and other food sources for eating!

Resources of the Ocean Oil Deposits have been found along the shores, 30% of the world’s oil is pumped from below the seafloor

Resources of the Ocean Minerals are on the ocean floor such as, iron, cobalt, copper, lead, gold, tin, diamond, salt, and gravel

Humans & Our Oceans

Overfishing When people catch fish at a faster rate than they reproduce http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cb. N 161 y. B BGA

By-Catch Are the fish that are caught by a net, but are thrown back to sea, 30% of fish go back to sea, dead or alive

Ocean Pollution 44% of Ocean pollution comes from runoff 33% is from air pollution 12% is from shipping and oil spills 10% is from ocean dumping 1% is from offshore drilling

Ocean Pollution