Ocean Environments Two Basic Divisions 1 Benthic Zone
Ocean Environments
Two Basic Divisions 1. Benthic Zone – bottom 2. Pelagic Zone - water
Benthic Zones 1. Intertidal – Shallowest area – Between the low and high tide lines – Changing environment
Periwinkle
Fingernail Limpet
Barnacle mating Buckshot Barnacles
Gooseneck Barnacles
Mussel with barnacles on it Mussels Mussel with barnacles on it
Sea Urchin Sea star Sea weed Chiton Seaweed Sea anemones – closed above water, open below water
Benthic Zones • 2. Sublittoral – Always underwater – On continental shelf – Most variety of benthic life
Sponge with brittle star Coral
Benthic Zones 3. Bathyal - starts at continental slope and extends to 4000 m - little or no sunlight - cold 4°C - very high pressure Brittle Stars
Crinoids (Sea Lilies)
Sea cucumbers
Benthic Zones 4. Abyssal - No sunlight - 4000 – 6000 m - On abyssal plain Tube worms
Benthic Zones 5. Hadal • 6000 m -11, 000 m • Trench Foraminifera
Pelagic Zone – water area 1. Neritic § water area above continental shelf 2. Oceanic § water off of continental shelf § further divided into 5 areas based on depth
• Oceanic zone is further divided into 5 areas based on depth
Neritic Zone Life Seahorse Angel fish Clown fish Bluefin Tuna Jellyfish Herring
Plankton
Oceanic Zones 1. Epipelagic • Surface – 200 meters • Sunlight, warm
Oceanic Zones Firefly Squid 2. Mesopelagic • twilight zone - some light but no photosynthesis • 200 – 2000 meters • contains thermocline (large temperature change) • low-energy tissues and sluggish lifestyles to cope with low food energy, since no algae can grow. • Many animals are bioluminescent Cuttlefish
Ogrefish Deep Sea Angler Coelacanth
Giant Siphonophore
Bloodbelly Comb Jelly
Pelagic Zones Giant Squid 3. Bathypelagic zone 2, 000 – 4, 000 meters Vampire Squid
Pelagic Zones Snipe Eel 4. Abyssopelagic zone 4000 – 6000 meters - low oxygen, nutrients and food - Dark and cold - Zoarcid Fish
Resources Anderson, Genny (2002). The splash zone. Retrieved August 5, 2008, from http: //www. biosbcc. net/ocean/flspl. htm#top Allison, M. , De. Gaetano, A. , & Pasachoff, J. (2006). Earth Science. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Deep Sea. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from Monteray Bay Aquarium Online Field Guide Web site: http: //www. mbayaq. org/efc/living_species/default. asp? hab=9 Flach, Author's first name initial. Els, & Heip, Carlo (1996). Vertical distribution of macrozoobenthos within the sediment on the continental slope of the Globan spur area. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 141, 55 -66. Monsters of the Deep Sea. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from Sea and Sky Web site: http: //www. seasky. org/deep-sea/creatures -menu. html Rager, Nicolle (2004). Sea Vent Viewer. Retrieved August 7, 2008, from Natinal Science Foundation Web site: http: //www. nsf. gov/news/overviews/earth-environ/interact 01. jsp Roach, John (2005, Feb. 3). Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from National Geographic News Web site: http: //news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2005/02/0203_050203_deepest. html Yancey, Paul (2008). Deep Sea Biology. Retrieved August 7, 2008, Web site: http: //people. whitman. edu/~yancey/deepsea. html Viau, Elizabeth A. (2003). The littoral zone. Retrieved August 5, 2008, from World Builders Web site: http: //curriculum. calstatela. edu/courses/builders/lessons/les 5/littoral. html
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