Ocean Area square miles Average Depth ft Deepest

Ocean Area (square miles) Average Depth (ft) Deepest depth (ft) Pacific Ocean 64, 186, 000 15, 215 Mariana Trench, 36, 200 ft deep Atlantic Ocean 33, 420, 000 12, 881 Puerto Rico Trench, 28, 231 ft deep Indian Ocean 28, 350, 000 13, 002 Java Trench, 25, 344 ft deep Southern Ocean 7, 848, 300 13, 100 - 16, 400 the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, 23, 736 ft deep Arctic Ocean 5, 106, 000 3, 953 Eurasia Basin, 17, 881 ft deep

As the primordial earth cooled, volcanic gases spewed into the atmosphere. Within the first billion years, the earth cooled enough so that water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain

Over time, rocks are weathered and eroded. Rivers carry the dissolved minerals to the ocean. At the same time water is evaporating and leaving the solids behind. The oceans are about 3. 5% salt (by weight). Salinity is generally reported in terms of parts per thousand (abbreviated o/oo), the number of pounds of salt per 1, 000 pounds of water; the average ocean salinity is 35 o/oo. Most of the salt is sodium chloride. If the ocean's total salt content were dried, it would cover the continents to a depth of 5 ft. Sea salts Parts per Thousand chloride 19. 3 o/oo sodium 10. 7 o/oo sulfate 2. 7 o/oo magnesium 1. 3 o/oo calcium 0. 4 o/oo potassium 0. 4 o/oo bicarbonate 0. 15 o/oo bromide 0. 07 o/oo other 0. 06 o/oo Total Salinity 35. 08 o/oo

Salinity varies depending on climate and water movement. Salinity varies depending on the climate of the coastal areas. Cooler more humid areas have a lower salinity level. Hotter drier areas have a higher salinity level. Why? Salinity is also higher in slow-moving ocean water like that found in gulfs, bays and the open ocean. Salinity also varies with depth…

Comparison of Temperature, Salinity, & Density

Comparison of Temperature, Salinity, & Density

Comparison of Temperature, Salinity, & Density

• The amount of salt in a volume of sea water • Atlantic seawater has more salt than Pacific • Seawater averages 35 grams of salt per liter of water • Salt content determines freezing point

* Gases can be exchanged through the air-water interface in either direction * Gases include the following: * Nitrogen * Oxygen * Carbon Dioxide * Argon * Hydrogen * Neon * Helium

1. Percent of dissolved hydrogen in a substance 2. Determines acidic or basic properties 3. Greatly impacts “habitat ability” for marine life

• The resistance of a fluid to • flow (“thickness”) Viscous water can be lethal to small organisms: • Stops movement • Causes things to sink • Makes it difficult to get food

What is the relationship between viscosity and salinity? ? As salinity increases, viscosity increases.

²Average temp of all ocean water is 3. 5 o. C ²Water temperature does not change much. ²Water temperature affects climate.

What is the relationship between salinity and temperature? As salinity increases, temperature increases.

• Amount of mass in a given volume • Controls what will sink and what will float • Density of the ocean varies- WHY? • Hint: Remember convection currents? ?

Why does the hydrometer float higher in the salt water?

How does salinity affect density? As Salinity increases. . . Density increases

Pressure is the amount of force that is applied by the ocean. The deeper you go, the higher the pressure

The oceans play a vital role in modifying Earth’s temperatures. The oceans absorb and then release energy more slowly than land surfaces. This results in… the regulation of Earth’s daytime and nighttime temperatures… the regulation of temperatures at different locations. For example, the British Isles are warmed by the Gulf Stream current

Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean

the scientific study of all the aspects of the world's oceans and seas, including their physical and chemical properties, their origin, geology, and the life forms that reside in them

• Warm water rises • Cold water sinks This rising and sinking creates currents in the water

Cold ocean currents travel on the ocean floor. As they approach the continental margins they rise. The rising of deep cold currents to the ocean surface is called…. upwelling.