Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists Engineers and

Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 25 Preparing for Emergencies and Terrorism Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Preparing for Emergencies • The potential for human-caused emergencies has increased significantly with the rise of terrorism. § It is important to respond to such emergencies in a way that minimizes harm to people and damage to property. • To do so requires plans that can be implemented without delay. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Rationale for Emergency Preparation • An emergency is a potentially lifethreatening situation, usually occurring suddenly & unexpectedly. § They may be the result of natural or human causes. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Rationale for Emergency Preparation • While passers-by/spectators may wonder what to do, emergency response professionals quickly organize, stabilize, and administer first aid. § Speed in response can mean the difference between life & death, or between minimal & major damage. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Rationale for Emergency Preparation • While passers-by/spectators may wonder what to do, emergency response professionals quickly organize, stabilize, and administer first aid. § Ideally, all those involved should be able to respond properly with a minimum of hesitation. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Rationale for Emergency Preparation • Because no workplace is immune to emergencies, preparing for them is critical. § An important component of preparation is planning. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 25– 1 Elements of emergency preparation. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Planning & Community Right-To. Know Act • The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) is designed to make information about hazardous chemicals available to a community. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 25– 2 Parts of an emergency response plan. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organization and Coordination • Responses to emergencies typically include fire-fighting medical, security, and safety personnel. § As well as specialists from a variety of different fields. • Each have different, interrelated & interdependent roles to play. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organization and Coordination • A company's emergency response plan should clearly identify the different personnel and groups that respond to various types of emergencies. § One person should be clearly identified and accepted by all emergency responders as the emergency coordinator. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

First Aid in Emergencies • Workplace emergencies often require a medical response—usually immediate first aid. § First aid consists of lifesaving measures taken to assist an injured person until medical help arrives. • Providing first-aid training to employees should be part of preparing for emergencies. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

First Aid in Emergencies • In certain cases, OSHA CFR 1910. 151 requires companies have at least one employee on-site who has been trained in first aid. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 25– 3 Sample course outline for first-aid class. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

First-Aid Training Program • First-aid programs are usually available in most communities. § Continuing education departments of community colleges & universities typically offer them. § The American Red Cross provides training programs in first aid specifically geared toward the workplace. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

First-Aid Training Program • First-aid programs are usually available in most communities. § The National Safety Council (NSC) also provides first-aid training materials. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Beyond Training • In addition to training, the following is also critical: § Well-stocked first-aid kits should be placed throughout the workplace in clearly visible, easily accessible locations. § Have appropriate personal protective devices available. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Beyond Training • In addition to training, the following is also critical: § Post emergency telephone numbers. § Keep all employees informed. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 25– 5 First-aid fact sheet. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 25– 6 First-aid fact sheet. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 25– 4 Minimum recommended contents of workplace first-aid kits. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How to Plan for Emergencies • A company's EAP should be a collection of small plans for each anticipated or potential emergency. § § Procedures, coordination and schedules. Assignments and responsibilities. Accident prevention strategies. Special needs of workers with disabilities should be included as a normal part of the EAP. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Involving Key Personnel • EAP guidelines pose questions similar to these: § Are key personnel familiar with the EAP? § Are personnel with disabilities involved in all aspects of the development of the EAP? § Do senior executives support the development and updating of the EAP? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Involving Key Personnel • EAP guidelines pose questions similar to these: § Has the EAP been reviewed by first responders and facility personnel? § Does any part of the plan conflict with procedures established by other applicable agencies? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Plans • Shelter-in-place (SIP) means rather than evacuate in a disaster/emergency, immediate shelter is sought, and comes into play when attempting to evacuate might increase the risk of harm or injury. § Are there provisions for shutting down the building's ventilation system quickly? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Plans • Shelter-in-place (SIP) means rather than evacuate in a disaster/emergency, immediate shelter is sought, and comes into play when attempting to evacuate might increase the risk of harm or injury. § Are there provisions for turning off the elevators? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Plans • Shelter-in-place (SIP) means rather than evacuate in a disaster/emergency, immediate shelter is sought, and comes into play when attempting to evacuate might increase the risk of harm or injury. § Are there provisions for closing all exits and entrances and for securing the loading dock and garage areas? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Plans • Shelter-in-place (SIP) means rather than evacuate in a disaster/emergency, immediate shelter is sought, and comes into play when attempting to evacuate might increase the risk of harm or injury. § Are there provisions for notifying all occupants—including visitors—of emergency procedures? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Plans • Shelter-in-place (SIP) means rather than evacuate in a disaster/emergency, immediate shelter is sought, and comes into play when attempting to evacuate might increase the risk of harm or injury. § Are there provisions for asking all occupants—including visitors—to remain in the building until it is safe to leave? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Evaluating Personnel Needs • Further questions during EAP development: § Has all applicable information about needs of personnel with disabilities been collected in accordance with the Rehabilitation Act? • Has the information been appropriately protected by sharing only with those who need to know as part of planning? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Evaluating Personnel Needs • Further questions during EAP development: § In selecting equipment, have appropriate agencies and individuals with disabilities been consulted as to the ability of personnel with disabilities to use the equipment? § Have the needs of personnel with service animals been considered in the development of the plan? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Evaluating Personnel Needs • Further questions during EAP development: § Has the appropriate training been built into the plan for people who need assistance during an emergency as well as for people who will provide the assistance? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Distributing and Communicating the Plan • Distributing/communicating completed EAP: § How will the EAP be communicated with the same level of detail to all personnel? § Is the plan available on the organization's Web site as well as in hard copy? • Are there text explanations of all graphic material in the plan? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Distributing and Communicating the Plan • Distributing/communicating completed EAP: § Are training sessions offered in accessible locations? § Are the learning aids necessary to accommodate those with disabilities available in all training locations? § Are hard copies of the EAP placed in various easily accessible locations throughout the facility? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Distributing and Communicating the Plan • Distributing/communicating completed EAP: § Are appropriate sections of the plan (evacuation and SIP information) given to frequent visitors to the facility? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employer Responsibility/Employee Self-Determination • Employers have specific responsibilities for ensuring the safety of their personnel—and employees with disabilities have certain rights of selfdetermination. § Are there employees who impede the evacuation of others during practice drills? If so has the issue been dealt with privately and have appropriate solutions been developed? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employer Responsibility/Employee Self-Determination • Employers have specific responsibilities for ensuring the safety of their personnel—and employees with disabilities have certain rights of selfdetermination. § Have employees with disabilities made requests for reasonable accommodations in event of an emergency? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employer Responsibility/Employee Self-Determination • Employers have specific responsibilities for ensuring the safety of their personnel—and employees with disabilities have certain rights of selfdetermination. § Have those accommodations been built into the EAP—if not, can the organization show that the requested accommodation would pose an undue hardship? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employer Responsibility/Employee Self-Determination • Employers have specific responsibilities for ensuring the safety of their personnel—and employees with disabilities have certain rights of selfdetermination. § Has effort been made to ensure that such personnel have not been segregated as part of the planning process? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Working with First Responders • It is important to coordinate emergency planning and the resulting EPA with first -responder agencies and organizations. § Have first responders been made aware of any special issues relating to personnel with disabilities? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Working with First Responders • It is important to coordinate emergency planning and the resulting EPA with first -responder agencies and organizations. § Does the organization have a policy regarding evacuation built into its plan? • Are all stakeholders aware of the policy & its ramifications? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Working with First Responders • It is important to coordinate emergency planning and the resulting EPA with first -responder agencies and organizations. § Has anyone expressed opposition to the policy? • Has the opposition been properly addressed? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Working with First Responders • It is important to coordinate emergency planning and the resulting EPA with first -responder agencies and organizations. § Have first responders been included in all steps of the emergency planning process? • If not, how will they be made aware of all elements of the EAP? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing an Elevator Policy • An elevator policy is critical when personnel with disabilities are involved. § Should the organization use its elevators during an emergency or close them down? • Under what emergency circumstances may elevators be used? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing an Elevator Policy • An elevator policy is critical when personnel with disabilities are involved. § Is there a policy concerning elevator use during emergencies? • Has the policy been built into the EAP? • Were first responders consulted during the policy development? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Implementing an Elevator Policy • An elevator policy is critical when personnel with disabilities are involved. § Who may operate the elevators under these conditions? • Who gets priority in the use of elevators during an emergency? § How are personnel, including those with disabilities, evacuated in the event that elevators are inoperable? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Developing Emergency Notification Strategies • Once the plan is developed, all stakeholders must be notified of its contents and what they mean. § What steps have been built into the plan for notifying stakeholders in the event of an emergency? • Do personnel with disabilities have access to the same information that any other stakeholder has? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Developing Emergency Notification Strategies • Once the plan is developed, all stakeholders must be notified of its contents and what they mean. § Have a variety of notification or communication methods been built into the EAP? • Do notification or communication methods account for personnel who are away from their desks or the office? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Developing Emergency Notification Strategies • Once the plan is developed, all stakeholders must be notified of its contents and what they mean. § Have a variety of notification or communication methods been built into the EAP? • Do notification strategies take into account the presence of visitors? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Practicing and Maintaining the EAP • All aspects of the EAP plan should be practiced to ensure all parties know their responsibilities. § Does the organization have a policy for the regular practice and maintenance of the EAP? • Does the organization comply or exceed compliance? • Have drills been varied in time of day and type of drill? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Practicing and Maintaining the EAP • All aspects of the EAP plan should be practiced to ensure all parties know their responsibilities. § Have first responders been involved in practice drills? • Have they been consulted to ensure that all applicable equipment is appropriate and in proper working order? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Practicing and Maintaining the EAP • All aspects of the EAP plan should be practiced to ensure all parties know their responsibilities. § Have problems, roadblocks, and inhibitors been built into the drills, to practice improvising in a realistic way? § Are personnel with disabilities included in all drills? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Practicing and Maintaining the EAP • All aspects of the EAP plan should be practiced to ensure all parties know their responsibilities. § Does the organization have a policy built into its EAP for dealing with employees or visitors? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Evacuation Planning • OSHA 29 CFR 1910. 38 is the standard for evacuation planning, and requires a written plan for evacuating the facility in the event of an emergency. § Critical elements are marking exit routes, communications, outside assembly, and training. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Marking of Exit Routes • Clearly identified and marked routes of egress are critical during a time of crisis. § Are all exit, emergency exit, and nonexit doors, egress route aisles, hallways & stairs clearly identified/marked? • Can the markings be seen in the event of darkness? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Marking of Exit Routes • Clearly identified and marked routes of egress are critical during a time of crisis. § Are all exit, emergency exit, and nonexit doors, egress route aisles, hallways & stairs clearly identified/marked? • Are there evacuation route maps at strategic locations? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Marking of Exit Routes • Clearly identified and marked routes of egress are critical during a time of crisis. § Are all exit, emergency exit, and nonexit doors, egress route aisles, hallways & stairs clearly identified/marked? • Are signs/markings provided in a bilingual or pictogram format? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Marking of Exit Routes • Clearly identified and marked routes of egress are critical during a time of crisis. § Are all exit, emergency exit, and nonexit doors, egress route aisles, hallways & stairs clearly identified/marked? • Are there low-level markings, viewable if smoke fills the facility? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Marking of Exit Routes • Clearly identified and marked routes of egress are critical during a time of crisis. § Is firefighting & emergency first-aid equipment clearly marked with directional signs to be easily located? § Are electrical, chemical & physical hazards identified and clearly marked? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Marking of Exit Routes • Clearly identified and marked routes of egress are critical during a time of crisis. § Are critical shutdown procedures/equipment identified and clearly marked? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Communication and Alarm Procedures • People tend to trust what they can see, smell, & hear—if they can't physically sense an emergency, they tend to ignore the warning. § Pulling the alarm switch is not sufficient communication. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Communication and Alarm Procedures • Once the alarm has been given, verbal instructions should be broadcast so people know the alarm is real (not a drill) as well as specific actions to take. • There must also be procedures to inform evacuated employees that the emergency is over and they can return to their work. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Communication and Alarm Procedures • All employees should know how to notify outside authorities of the emergency. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Outside Assembly • The company's evacuation plan should include an assembly area, well known by all employees. § Employees should understand it is critical to assemble there so a headcount can be taken. § A backup assembly area should be designated, if the primary assembly area is inaccessible or hazardous. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Outside Assembly • Transient personnel—nonemployees such as vendors, visitors, contractors, etc. , must also be addressed in the evacuation plan: § How will they know where to assemble? § Who will check to see that they have been notified of the emergency? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Training • Training for evacuations is a critical element of the evacuation plan. § Everything contained in the plan that requires action or knowledge on the part of employees should be part of the required evacuation training. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Training • Training should be provided when employees are first hired, and retraining should be provided periodically as elements of the plan are updated. § Drills should be a major part of the training provided for employees. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Customizing Plans to Meet Local Needs • Emergency plans must be locationspecific, and should include: § A map of the plant, chain of command, coordination information & local training. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Emergency Response • An emergency response team (ERT) is a special team that responds to emergencies to… § Ensure proper personnel evacuation and safety. § Shut down building services and utilities. § Work with responding civil authorities. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Emergency Response • An emergency response team (ERT) is a special team that responds to emergencies to… § Protect and salvage property. § Evaluate areas for safety prior to reentry. • The actual composition of the team depends on the size and type of company. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Emergency Response • Another approach is the emergency response network (ERN)—a network of ERTs that covers a designated geographical area, typically responsible for a specific type of emergency. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Emergency Response • Whether the ERT is a local company team or a network of teams covering a geographical region, it should be included in the EAP. § In-house teams are included in the assignments and responsibilities section. § Community-based teams and networks are included in the coordinating organizations section. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Computers and Emergency Response • Expert computer systems especially programmed for use in emergency situations can help meet the challenge of responding to a mixed-chemical, or any other type of emergency involving multiple hazards. § An expert system is a computer programmed to solve problems. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Computers and Emergency Response • Such systems rely on a database of knowledge about a very particular area, an understanding of the problems addressed in that area, and expertise in solving problems in that area. § Talking to an expert system is like sitting at a terminal and keying in questions to an expert who is sitting at another terminal responding to the questions. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Psychological Trauma of Emergencies • Psychological trauma among employees involved in workplace disasters is as common as it is among combat veterans. § Trauma is psychological stress, as the result of an event so shocking that it impairs a person's sense of security or well-being. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Psychological Trauma of Emergencies • Psychological trauma among employees involved in workplace disasters is as common as it is among combat veterans. § Traumatic events are typically unexpected, shocking, and involve the reality or threat of death. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Dealing with Emergency-Related Trauma • The typical approach to an emergency can be described as follows: § Control it, take care of the injured, clean up the mess, and get back to work. • Often, the psychological aspect is ignored. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Dealing with Emergency-Related Trauma • Witnesses and other coworkers are often left to deal on their own with the trauma they've experienced. § They may develop resentment toward the organization, which can lead to conflicts with bosses and coworkers, high employee turnover—even subconscious sabotage. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Trauma Response Team • A company's Trauma Response Team (TRT) may consist of safety & health personnel who have undergone special training or fully credentialed counseling personnel, depending on the company. § Their job is to intervene as early as possible, help employees acknowledge what they have experienced, and give them opportunities to express how they feel about it. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Trauma Response Team • TRT members who are not counselors or mental health professionals should never attempt to provide care that they are not qualified to offer. § Part of the trauma training involves recognizing the symptoms of employees who need professional care. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Recovering from Disasters • Recovering quickly from a disaster is key to staying in business. § About 70% of businesses that close for a month or more as a result of disaster never reopen, or fail within 3 years. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Recovering from Disasters • A comprehensive disaster recovery plan should have at least the following components: § Recovery coordinator, recovery team, recovery analysis and planning. § Damage assessment and salvage operations. § Recovery communications & employee support/assistance. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Recovering from Disasters • The recovery coordinator has ultimate responsibility and authority for disaster recovery. § With ability & authority to take command of the situation, assess the recovery needs, delegate responsibilities, approve the necessary resources, interact with outside agencies, and activate the organization's overall response Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Recovering from Disasters • The recovery team consists of key personnel to whom the disaster coordinator can delegate specific responsibilities. § Facility management, security, human resources, environmental protection, communications & personnel needed to restart operations. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Recovering from Disasters • Recovery analysis and planning involves assessing the impact of the disaster on the organization and establishing shortand long-term recovery goals. § One of the ways to do this is to consider various predictable scenarios and plan for them. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Support and Assistance • After a disaster, employees are likely to need various types of assistance, including financial medical, and psychological. § Determine/provide postdisaster employee work schedules. • Plan for possible need to relocate the facility during recovery. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Support and Assistance • After a disaster, employees are likely to need various types of assistance, including financial medical, and psychological. § Plan for employee-assistance services, including medical, transportation, financial, shelter, food, water, clothing, and psychological services. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Support and Assistance • After a disaster, employees are likely to need various types of assistance, including financial medical, and psychological. § Plan to give employees opportunities to participate in personal actions taken on behalf of fatally injured employees and their families. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Support and Assistance • After a disaster, employees are likely to need various types of assistance, including financial medical, and psychological. § Plan to fully inform all employees about what happened, why, and how the company is responding. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Terrorism in the Workplace • The events of Sept. 11 and the ongoing threat of bioterrorism in American workplaces have many people living and working in fear. § Employers clearly have a role to play in preparing for terrorist attacks, taking all precautions to prevent them & responding properly should an attack occur. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Run a safe and caring operation, and listen to employees. • Train employees and communicate with them. • Know your personnel, and empower them. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Harden the site against external threats & restrict access. • Remove barriers to clear visibility and secure trash containers. • Make air intakes and other utilities inaccessible to all but designated maintenance personnel. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Have and enforce parking and delivery regulations. • Make sure that visitors can be screened from a distance. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Keep all unstaffed entrance doors locked and alarmed. • Keep roof doors locked from the outside and alarmed. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Issue badges to employees, contractors & visitors. • Require identification of all visitors and an internal sponsor before providing them with badges. • Have visitors sign in and out on every visit. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Have an emergency response plan and practice it periodically. § Plan for all predictable exigencies and practice the various components of the plan on a regular basis. § Be cautious of information on your company's Web site. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Role of the Employer • Roles of employers & safety/health professionals relating to terrorism in the workplace: § Keep up-to-date with the latest safety/security strategies. § Protect the integrity of your facility's key system. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Securing Hazardous Materials • Hazmats under your control may be used by terrorists to create weapons of mass destruction. § The first poison gas used in warfare was chlorine gas. § Fertilizer mixed with fuel oil became a devastating explosive in the Oklahoma City Murrah Building bombing. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Securing Hazardous Materials • A tactic of terrorists is to convert hazardous materials used in the workplace into weapons of mass destruction. § Facilities that produce, use, or store any type of hazardous materials must develop, implement, and enforce a security program that denies terrorists access to these materials. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Securing Hazardous Materials • The security plan should implement measures to deter, detect, delay, or defeat the threat. § Deterrence can be improved by using highly visible measures and randomness. • A hazmat security plan should have two broad components: § Personnel security and physical security. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • After a disaster in the workplace— whether natural, accidental, or terrorist related—a comprehensive hazard assessment should be completed before business is resumed. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Structural integrity. • Has the structural integrity of the building been checked by professionals to ensure that it is safe to enter? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Utility checks • Have all utilities—gas, electricity, water, sewer—been checked to ensure there are no leaks, cracks, loose wires, etc. ? • Have the appropriate utilities given approval for reopening? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Cleanup protection. • Ensure that cleanup crews are properly protected from any hazardous materials/conditions that might have been created. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Health and sanitation. • Kitchens, bathrooms & areas in which food, or potentially hazardous or toxic substances are stored should be checked & and thoroughly cleaned to prevent exposure of employees and customers to hazardous conditions. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Air quality & ventilation. • Make sure the air quality in the facility is tested by competent professionals before allowing personnel to enter the building. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Air quality & ventilation. • Make sure ductwork has been checked for potentially harmful biological and chemical agents as well as dust & debris. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Walls, ceilings, and floors. • Check walls and ceilings to ensure that no materials are in danger of falling off— inside for occupants and outside for pedestrians. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Safety equipment. • Check all fire extinguishers, all types of alarms, and any other safety equipment to determine whether it has been damaged. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Lighting. • Ensure that all illumination devices are in proper working order and that all personnel have the required amount of illumination to do their jobs. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Hazardous waste removal. • Any type of potentially hazardous material that is left lying around after the disaster should be collected and properly disposed of. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Machines and equipment. • All machines and equipment should be checked carefully before they are reenergized. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Resuming Business After a Disaster • Before resuming business, consider the following: § Furniture. • Check all furniture to ensure its structural integrity. • Make sure fasteners, braces, and supports have not been damaged during the emergency or that furniture has not become unstable due to water damage. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved