Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists Engineers and

Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 2 Promoting Safety Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Introduction • One of the best ways to promote safety is to design it into the tools, machines, and technologies with which people interact in the workplace. § Even the best design or analysis cannot completely eliminate the potential for accidents. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Introduction • It is important to have accident prevention procedures & ensure that employees follow them. § The purpose of safety promotion is to keep employees focused on doing their work the safe way, every day. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Company Safety Policy • Promoting safety begins a published company safety policy that makes it clear that safe work practices are expected at all levels at all times. § The safety policy serves as the foundation upon which all other promotional efforts are built. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 28– 1 Sample company safety policy. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Rules and Regulations • Company safety policy is translated into everyday action and behavior by rules and regulations. § Defining behavior that is acceptable & unacceptable from a safety & health perspective. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Rules and Regulations • From a legal point of view, an employer's obligations regarding safety rules can be summarized as: § Employers must have rules that ensure a safe and healthy workplace. § Employers must ensure that all employees are knowledgeable about the rules. § Employers must ensure that safety rules are enforced objectively and consistently. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Rules and Regulations • Employers must develop appropriate rules, then familiarize employees with them & enforce them. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Rules and Regulations • Objectivity and consistency are critical when enforcing rules. § Objectivity means rules are enforced without bias. § Consistency means rules are enforced in the same manner every time, with no regard to any outside factors. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 28– 2 Guidelines for developing safety rules and regulations. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Participation/Promoting Safety • One of the most effective strategies for getting employees to commit to the safety program is to involve them in the development of it. • One of the keys to promoting safety successfully is to involve employees—who usually know better than anyone where hazards exist. § They are also the ones who must follow safety rules. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Training • One of the best ways to promote safety in the workplace is to provide ongoing safety training. § Initial safety training should be part of the orientation process for new employees. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

VISUAL AWARENESS • Making a safety & health message visual can be an effective way to get the message across. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 28– 4 Sample safety reminder sign. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Visual Awareness • Several rules can help ensure the effectiveness of efforts to make safety visual: § Change signs, posters, and other visual aids periodically. • Visual aids left up too long begin to blend into the background. § Involve employees in developing the messages that are displayed on signs and posters. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Visual Awareness § Make visual aids large enough to be seen easily from a reasonable distance. • Locate visual aids for maximum effect. § Use color whenever possible to attract attention. • Follow OSHA color standards where applicable. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Committees • Safety committees provide a formal structure through which employees & management can funnel concerns & suggestions about safety/health issues. § The most effective committees are those with a broad cross-section of workers representing all departments. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Do's and Don'ts of Safety Committees • DO: § Suggest strategies and options for management to improve health and safety performance. § Train committee members so they can successfully carry out their responsibilities. • Give the safety committee authority commensurate with their responsibilities. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Do's and Don'ts of Safety Committees • DO: § Have goals & objectives; measure & track progress. § Encourage employee involvement by actively creating an atmosphere of trust, teamwork, respect, and partnership. • Reward progress, participation, and leadership. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Do's and Don'ts of Safety Committees • DO: § Be patient & reasonable in allowing enough time for the committee to work. § Train management on their responsibility for safety and on the support role of the safety committee. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Do's and Don'ts of Safety Committees • DON'T: § Rotate members too quickly. • A one-year minimum membership is the norm. § Let any one member dominate safety committee meetings. • Encourage and maintain equal participation. § Punish. • It creates fear, which inhibits communication and partnership. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Do's and Don'ts of Safety Committees • DON'T: § Allow safety committee members to bring just problems to the meetings. • Have them bring solutions as well. § Allow the safety committee to become scapegoats when something goes wrong. • Management is responsible for safety performance. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Personal Commitment to Safety • If every employee is committed to working safely every day, workplace safety will take care of itself. § How does a company gain this type of personal commitment from its employees? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Personal Commitment to Safety • Most safety superstars have formal safety programs—teams, committees, etc. § Many of these organizations also have commitments signed from their employees indicating that they bought into the safety program. § By their signature, employees promise to interact positively with fellow workers when they see them ignoring safety precautions. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee-Management Participation • When disagreement over a safety procedure does surface, the issue at the heart is usually money. § Employees are likely to favor procedures that enhance workplace safety regardless of cost. § Management is likely to want to weigh cost vs benefits. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Incentives • Strategies for enhancing incentive programs: § Define objectives. • Begin by deciding what is supposed to be accomplished by the incentive program. § Develop specific criteria. • On what basis will the incentives be awarded? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Incentives • Strategies for enhancing incentive programs: § Make rewards meaningful. • To determine what types of rewards will be meaningful, it is necessary to involve employees. § Recognize that only employees who will participate in an incentive program know what will motivate them. • Employees must feel it is their program. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Incentives • Strategies for enhancing incentive programs: § Keep communications clear. • It is important for employees to understand fully the incentive program and all of its aspects. § Use nonmonetary rewards. • Often more effective in promoting the desired results Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Incentives • Strategies for enhancing incentive programs: § Reward teams. • Rewarding teams can be more effective than rewarding individuals, because work in the modern industrial setting is more likely to be accomplished by a team than an individual. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Competition • Competition can be used to promote safety, but… § If this approach is not used wisely, it can backfire and do more harm than good. § Competition on the job should be carefully organized, closely monitored & strictly controlled. • Competition allowed to get out of hand can lead to cheating and hard feelings among coworkers. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Competition • Tips that will help competition in a positive way: § Involve the employees who will compete in planning programs of competition. § Where possible, encourage competition among groups rather than individuals, while simultaneously promoting individual initiative within groups. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Competition • Tips that will help competition in a positive way: § Make competition fair by ensuring resources available to competing teams are equitably distributed & human talent is as appropriately spread among the teams as possible. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Competition • Tips that will help competition in a positive way: • Employees should be reminded that improved safety is the first priority— winning a competition is second. § Failing to report an accident should be grounds for eliminating a team from competition. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Teamwork Approach to Safety • Teamwork is a fundamental component of the total safety management, or TSM, approach. • Effective teams share several common characteristics: § Supportive environment, team player skills, role clarity, clear direction, teamoriented rewards, and accountability. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Teamwork Approach to Safety • Characteristics of a team-supportive environment: § Open communication; Constructive, Non hostile interaction; Mutually supportive approach; Positive; Respectful climate. • Team player skills include the following: § Honesty; Initiative; Patience; Punctuality; Tolerance; Perseverance Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Teamwork Approach to Safety • On any team, different members play different roles. § When each executes his role effectively, the team performs well. • A team cannot function if team members try to play roles that are assigned to other team members. § Role clarity means that all members understand their respective roles on the team and play those roles. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clear Direction • The various components of a team's charter: § Mission. • The team's mission statement defines its purpose and how the team fits into the larger organization. § Objectives. • The team's objectives spell out exactly what the team is supposed to accomplish in terms of the safety program. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Clear Direction • The various components of a team's charter: § Accountability measures. • The team's accountability measures spell out how the team's performance will be evaluated. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 28– 9 Sample team charter. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Team-Oriented Rewards • A commonly made mistake in organizations is attempting to establish a teamwork culture while maintaining an individual-based reward system. § Teams function best when the financial rewards of its members are tied at least partially to team performance. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Team-Oriented Rewards • Accountability is about being held responsible for accomplishing specific objectives or undertaking specific actions. § The most effective teams know what their responsibilities are and how their success will be measured. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Potential Benefits of Teamwork in Safety § Better understanding of safety rules and regulations. § Visibility for safety—greater employee awareness. § Positive, productive competition. § Continual improvement—broader employee input and acceptance. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Promoting Off-The-Job Safety • Organizations that have a safety-first corporate culture recognize that off-the -job safety must be an integral part of their overall safety program. • The off-the-job component of a safety program consists of education, training, and mentoring to help employees stay safe when not at work. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Promoting Off-The-Job Safety • A valuable employee who is injured off the job is still just as injured and unavailable for work as one who is hurt on the job. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Off-the-Job Training Programs • The two most hazardous off-the-job situations for employees are transportation and home duties. § Transportation-related accidents include cars, bicycles, buses, trains, boats, planes. § Home accidents include those caused by vehicles, machinery, tools, fire, explosion, slips, animals, fights, and assaults. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Off-the-Job Training Programs • Off-the-job training programs should include: § § Injuries prevention. Electric shock and poison prevention. Motor vehicle safety. Fire prevention; Drowning prevention. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved