Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists Engineers and

Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 27 Hazard Analysis/Prevention and Safety Management Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Identification and Prevention • The key to preventing accidents is identifying and eliminating hazards. § "A hazard is a condition or combination of conditions that, if left uncorrected, may lead to an accident, illness, or property damage. " Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Identification and Prevention • Every hazard that can be identified should be corrected. § Or minimized through the appropriate safeguards. • Every accident that can be prevented should be prevented. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 1 Two approaches to hazard analysis. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Overview of Hazard Analysis • A preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is conducted to identify potential hazards and prioritize them according to the… § Likelihood of accident/injury being caused by the hazard. § Severity of injury, illness, or property damage that could result if the hazard caused an accident. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Overview of Hazard Analysis • A useful practice for early sorting is to place catastrophic severities together, followed by critical, marginal, and nuisance hazards, respectively. § Then, with each item, indicate the probability of occurrence—considerable, probable, or unlikely. § Rate the correction of these hazards next by cost—a key step. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Preliminary Hazard Analysis • It is not always feasible to wait until all the data are compiled from a detailed analysis before taking steps to identify and eliminate hazards. § As when a new system or piece of equipment is installed, & management wants it on-line as soon as possible. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Preliminary Hazard Analysis • In such cases, a PHA can serve two purposes: § It can expedite bringing the new system on-line, but at a substantially reduced risk of injuring workers. § It can serve as a guide for a future detailed analysis. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Preliminary Hazard Analysis • Example of a job hazard analysis survey adapted from one developed by NIOSH • A similar form can be developed for any process or operation that may be the focus of a PHA. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 3 Sample job hazard analysis survey. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cost-Benefit Factors in Hazard Analysis • Every hazard typically has several remedies—and every remedy has a corresponding cost & benefit. § It is important to factor in cost when recommending corrective action regarding hazards. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Cost-Benefit Factors in Hazard Analysis • This amounts to listing all potential remedies along with respective costs, and then estimating the extent to which each will reduce the hazard (its benefit). Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Detailed Hazard Analysis • In cases where the potential exists for serious injury, multiple injuries, or catastrophic illness, a detailed hazard analysis is conducted. § A number of different methods can be used for conducting detailed analyses. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 2 Detailed hazard analysis methods. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • Failure mode and effects of analysis (FMEA) is a formal step-by-step analytical method that is a spin-off of reliability analysis, a method used to analyze complex engineering systems. § Critically examine the system in question. § Divide the system into its various components. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • Failure mode and effects of analysis (FMEA) is a formal step-by-step analytical method that is a spin-off of reliability analysis, a method used to analyze complex engineering systems. § Examine each individual component and record all of the various ways in which the components may fail. • Rate each potential failure according to the degree of hazard. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • Failure mode and effects of analysis (FMEA) is a formal step-by-step analytical method that is a spin-off of reliability analysis, a method used to analyze complex engineering systems. § Examine each individual component and record all of the various ways in which the components may fail. • 0 = None; 1 = Slight; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Extreme; 4 = Severe. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • Failure mode and effects of analysis (FMEA) is a formal step-by-step analytical method that is a spin-off of reliability analysis, a method used to analyze complex engineering systems. § Examine all potential failures for each component of the system and decide what effect the failures could have. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • An example of an FMEA conducted on a direct extrusion process. • Of the various components, only the dummy block poses an extreme hazard and a corresponding hazard to workers. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 5 Sample FMEA. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • FMEAs have limitations. § The element of human error is missing— a major weakness, as human error is more frequently at the heart of a workplace accident than system or process failure. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis • FMEAs have limitations. § FMEAs focus on the components of a given system as if the components operate in a vacuum. • They do not take into account the interface mechanisms between components or between systems, where problems often occur. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard and Operability Review • Hazard and operability review (HAZOP) was developed for use with new processes in the chemical industry. § It allows problems to be identified before a body of experience has been developed for a process or system. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard and Operability Review • HAZOP consists of forming a team of experienced, knowledgeable people from backgrounds relating to the process or system and having team members brainstorm about potential hazards. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard and Operability Review • A HAZOP proceeds in a step-by-step manner. § Select the process or system to be analyzed. § Form the team of experts. § Explain the HAZOP process to all team members. § Establish goals and timeframes. § Summarize all input. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard and Operability Review • Example of a form that can be used to help organize & focus HAZOP brainstorming sessions. • Flow-gate number 1 has been analyzed. If the flow-gate does not work as intended, there will be no flow, too little flow, or too much flow. Each condition results in a specific problem. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 6 Sample HAZOP. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard and Operability Review • HAZOPs predict problems associated with system or process failures. § These are technological failures— because human error is so often a factor in accidents, this weakness must be addressed. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Human Error Analysis • Human error analysis (HEA) is used to predict human error, not to review what has occurred. § HEA should be used to identify hazards before they cause accidents. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Human Error Analysis • Two approaches to HEA can be effective: § Observing employees at work and noting hazards. • The task analysis approach. § Actually performing job tasks to get a firsthand feel for hazards. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Human Error Analysis • It is a good idea to perform it in conjunction with FMEAs and HAZOPs, to enhance the effectiveness of all three processes. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Technic of Operations Review • Technic of operations review (TOR) allows supervisors & employees to work together to analyze workplace accidents, failures, and incidents. § It answers the question "Why did the system allow this incident to occur? " Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Technic of Operations Review • TOR was originally developed in the early 1970 s, but widescale use did not occur until the early 1990 s, when documentation began to be circulated. § Because it uses a work sheet, in simpleto-understand terms, and follows an uncomplicated yes/no decision-making sequence, it can be used even at the lowest levels of the firm. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Technic of Operations Review • TOR is triggered by an incident occurring at a specific time & place, and involving specific people. § A weakness of TOR is that it is designed as an after-the-fact process, triggered by an accident or incident. § The strength of TOR is involvement of line personnel in the analysis. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Technic of Operations Review • The process proceeds as follows: § Establish the team of workers present when the accident incident occurred, supervisor & safety/health professional. § Conduct a roundtable discussion to establish common knowledge base among team members. § Identify one major systematic factor that led to, or played a significant role in, causing the accident or incident. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Technic of Operations Review • The process proceeds as follows: § Use the group consensus to respond to a sequence of yes/no options to identify a number of factors that contributed to the accident or incident. § Evaluate identified factors carefully to make sure there is a team consensus about each. § Develop corrective or preventive strategies for each factor. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis • Fault tree analysis (FTA) can predict and prevent accidents or be an investigative tool after the fact. § An analytical methodology that uses a graphic model to display the analysis process visually. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis • A fault tree is built using special symbols, some derived from Boolean algebra. § The resultant model resembles a logic diagram or a flowchart. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 7 Symbols used in fault tree analysis. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis How the symbols may be used to construct a fault tree. The top box in a fault tree represents the accident/incident that either could occur or has occurred. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis • The sample fault tree shown is qualitative in nature. • Fault trees can be made quantitative by assigning probability figures to the events below the top box. This is rarely done, as reliable probability figures are seldom available. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 8 Sample fault tree. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis • A fault tree is developed using the following steps: § Decide on the accident or incident to be placed at the top of the tree. § Identify the broadest level of failure or fault event that could contribute to the top event. • Assign the appropriate symbols. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis • A fault tree is developed using the following steps: § Move downward through successively more specific levels until basic events are identified. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Fault Tree Analysis • Once a fault tree is constructed, it is examined to determine the various combinations of failure or fault events that could lead to the top event. § The final step involves making recommendations for preventive measures. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • Important questions for safety/health professionals involved in analyzing the workplace for the purpose of identifying and overcoming hazards: § Where are we at risk? Where are we at greatest risk? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • Risk analysis—normally associated with insurance and investments—can help analyze the workplace, identify hazards & develop strategies for overcoming these hazards. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • Risk analysis focuses on two key questions: § How frequently does a given event occur? . § How severe are the consequences of a given event? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • Risk is decreased by decreasing the frequency and severity of hazardrelated events. § Historical data on accidents, injuries, and illness show that the less severe an injury or illness, the more frequently it is likely to occur. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • Risk is decreased by decreasing the frequency and severity of hazard-related events. § Correspondingly, the more severe an injury or illness, the less frequently it is likely to occur. • There are many more minor scrapes, bumps, and abrasions experienced in the workplace than major debilitating injuries such as amputations or broken bones. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • One approach to risk analysis considers both probability and impact. § The lowest rating means it is impossible that a given error will be committed or a given failure will occur. § The highest rating means it is very likely that a given error will be committed frequently or a given failure will occur frequently. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Analysis • Severity levels can be rated—likely consequence of an accident or failure event of that severity. § The least severe incidents are not likely to cause an injury or damage property. § The most severe incidents are almost certain to cause death or serious property damage. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard Prevention and Deterrence • SME recommended hazard control methods: § Eliminate the source of the hazards, substitute a less hazardous equivalent, or reduce hazards at the source. § Remove the employee from the hazard. • For example, substitute a robot or other automated system. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard Prevention and Deterrence • SME recommended hazard control methods: § Isolate the hazards. • For example, enclose them in barriers. § Dilute the hazard. • For example, ventilate the hazardous substance. § Apply appropriate management strategies. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Hazard Prevention and Deterrence • SME recommended hazard control methods: § Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). § Provide employee training. § Practice good housekeeping. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

FIGURE 27– 9 Steps for implementing hazard control measures. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

OSHA Process Safety Standard • OSHA 29 CFR 1910. 119 is the standard for process safety, to prevent catastrophic accidents caused by major releases of highly hazardous chemicals. § To comply, companies must have written operating procedures, mechanical integrity programs, and formal incident investigation procedures. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Assessment • Risk assessment should be a structured and systematic process that answers the following: § How severe are potential injuries? . § How frequently are employees exposed to the potential hazards? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Risk Assessment • Risk assessment should be a structured and systematic process that answers the following: § What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if it does occur? § What is the likelihood of an injury should a safety control system fail? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Management Concerns • Students studying occupational safety may become safety engineers, technologists, technicians, specialists, or managers. § Safety managers work with key decision makers to ensure that safety and health are included in their strategic plans. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety Management Concerns • Students studying occupational safety may become safety engineers, technologists, technicians, specialists, or managers. § Safety managers work with other key decision makers to develop written policy that summarizes the organization's commitment to a safe and healthy work environment Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Written Procedures • Safety managers should ensure their employers put all the following in writing: § Job descriptions with responsibilities for safety and health. § General safety rules for all employees. § Procedures for specialized and hazardous operations. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Written Procedures • Safety managers should ensure their employers put all the following in writing: § Standard operating procedures for processes, systems, and equipment (including safe operation). § Program for communicating with employees about safety information, issues, and concerns; emergency plan with all its subordinate plans. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Written Procedures • Safety managers should ensure their employers put all the following in writing: § Employee orientation program; nearmiss procedures; safety suggestions procedures; procedures for job hazard analysis; and safety manual. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Training • Safety managers are responsible for ensuring that both new and experienced employees receive the training they need to do their jobs safely. § Arranging/scheduling training for new employees. § Arranging/scheduling retraining of experienced employees. whose jobs have changed in some way. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Training • Safety managers are responsible for ensuring that both new and experienced employees receive the training they need to do their jobs safely. § Identifying and assigning instructors to conduct training. § Monitoring and evaluating training provided. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Employee Training • Safety managers are responsible for ensuring that both new and experienced employees receive the training they need to do their jobs safely. § Documenting training and ensuring that supervisors receive the training they need in order to play their critical role in maintaining a safe and healthy work environment. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Human Resource Management • Safety managers work closely with human resource management personnel on personnel issues relating to safety and health. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Self-Assessments • An important responsibility of safety managers is helping supervisors and employees play their roles in maintaining a safe and healthy workplace. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Safety and Health Promotion • Safety managers are responsible for promotional programs that keep employees, supervisors, and managers focused on safety and health issues. § The purpose is to remind people to think of safety first. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Accident Investigation and Reporting • Safety managers are responsible a structured system for investigating accidents and near misses and for reporting the results of the investigations. § Responsible for training needed to allow supervisors and other personnel to participate in accident investigations in a positive, helpful manner. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • Safety managers are responsible for ensuring that workplace hazards & requirements of applicable regulatory agencies are properly monitored on a continuous basis. § Noise, chemicals, smoke, fumes, dust, ergonomics, and other potential problems present in the workplace. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you identified all the standards from OSHA and other agencies that apply to your organization? • Do you have electronic access to the latest standards? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Are you familiar with the most recent workers' compensation legislation in your state? • Are you implementing workers' compensation cost-reduction strategies? § Are you monitoring the workplace for ergonomic hazards? • Are you applying OSHA's voluntary ergonomic guidelines? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Are you monitoring employee stress levels and implementing appropriate stress-reduction strategies? § Are all machines properly guarded? • Have you instituted a comprehensive lockout/tagout program? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you implemented an effective slipand-fall prevention program based on OSHA's Fall Protection Standard? • Have you implemented an effective ladder safety program? § Do all employees have and properly use the PPE called for in their jobs? § Have you implemented a safe-lifting program? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you implemented a forklift safety program based on OSHA's Industrial Truck standard? § Have you identified all hazards in the workplace relating to temperature extremes and instituted appropriate precautions? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you implemented an electrical hazards prevention program based on the OSHA Electrical Standard? § Are all avenues of ingress and egress properly marked and kept free of clutter and obstructions? § Have you implemented a fire safety program based on OSHA's Fire Safety Standard? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you identified all potentially toxic substances in the workplace and instituted appropriate procedures to protect employees from them? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you instituted a confined space safety program based on the OSHA Confined Space Standard? § Have you identified radiation hazards & implemented appropriate procedures to protect employees? • Do these procedures comply with OSHA Standards for Health and Environmental Controls? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you identified noise hazards in the workplace and instituted appropriate precautions to protect employees? • Have you established a hearing loss prevention program? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you developed an emergency plan for all possible types of emergency, including terrorism? • Is your plan customized to meet local needs? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you ensured that selected personnel know how to undertake safety analysis and prevention efforts? • Can these personnel complete a detailed hazard analysis? § Does the OSHA Process Safety Standard apply to your organization? • Does your process safety program to satisfy the standard? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you trained safety/supervisory personnel to conduct accident investigations & codmplete all related reports? § Are all required OSHA accident and injury reports and logs maintained and kept up-to-date? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you implemented a comprehensive, ongoing safety promotion campaign? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Are all employees provided the training they need in order to do their jobs safely? • Do all employees who have specialized jobs receive the training they need in order to do those jobs safely? § Is updated training and retraining provided as needed for all employees? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you instituted a program to protect employees from exposure to bloodborne pathogens? • Does your program protect employees who have contracted HIV or other bloodborne diseases from negative effects of hysteria? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Ongoing Monitoring • A checklist for safety managers: § Have you instituted procedures to protect employees from workplace violence? Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • Numerous occupational health/safety management systems (OHSMSs) are designed to provide a comprehensive model for managing all aspects of occupational safety and health. § Similar to ISO 9000 for quality management and ISO 14000 for environmental management. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • An OHSMS typically revolves around the standard management model composed of the following essential elements in a continuous cycle: § Assess; Plan; Implement; Monitor/evaluate; Adjust. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • Most OHSMS contain at least these elements: § Assessment of risk/hazard analysis. • Planning for hazard abatement and control. § Establishing performance outcomes (goals/objectives). • Establishment of roles and responsibilities. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • Most OHSMS contain at least these elements: § Training related to occupational safety and health. • Communication with stakeholders. § Procedures for controlling hazards and risks. • Emergency response plans and procedures. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • Most OHSMS contain at least these elements: § Regular, ongoing measurement of performance. § Acting on the results of evaluations in ways that continually improve safety and health in the workplace Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • An effectively implemented OHSMS with executive-level support can produce the following benefits: § Improve the attitudes of personnel about their working environment. § Increase the amount of participation in safety and health activities as well as the perceptions of personnel about those activities. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Health & Safety Management Systems • An effectively implemented OHSMS with executive-level support can produce the following benefits: § Reduce lost time due to injuries and accidents and the costs associated with lost time. § Increase productivity. § Enhance morale at all levels. Occupational Safety and Health, Eighth Edition David L. Goetsch Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved