Occupational Hygiene in the Oil Gas Industry Day

Oil & Gas Industry Santos Well 1968 2. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

Introduction to the Oil & Gas Industry Section 4 3. © 2013 Petroch Services

Oil & Gas Industry • UPSTREAM • Exploration for crude oil or natural gas

Processes Exploration and Extraction Section 5 5. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP

Processes of Exploration and Extraction Life of a well - Planning, Drilling, Completion, Production,

Exploration Jack-up Drilling Rig 7. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J

Montara well Timor Sea – November 2009 8. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

Deepwater Horizon – Gulf of Mexico 2010 9. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

BP Off shore rig flaring gas 10. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP

Helicopter ditching in North Sea 2010 11. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP

Production platform and supply boat 12. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version

Pump jack – West Texas 13. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version

BP NIDC Rig 70 14. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J

Oil well in Iran Persia Rig 20 blowout half a mile of steel pipe

Sources of Information on Crudes and Gas Fields -1 What does the Hygienist want

CRUDE ASSAY A systematic compilation of data defining properties of the whole crude along

CRUDE ASSAYS - CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE CRUDE Property Primary Use Specific Gravity (API) Crude

Crude Assays – Information for Hygienist From the Crude Assay • How much benzene

Crude Assay Information Sarawak Shell Berhad, Bintulu LNGL • Benzene content of 1. 53%

Occupational Hygiene Issues - Upstream a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 21.

OH Issues (a) Hazardous Substances There are four groups – • Process streams and

Chemical Store – ‘mud chemicals’ off shore oil rig 23. © 2013 Petroch Services

Deck chemical storage 24. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002–

25. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in

Paint store 26. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational

Stores area. Pressure cans, chemical storage 27. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP

Workshop flammables cabinet 28. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002–

Workshop waste 29. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational

Grit blasting hood, with venturi air cooler (blue) right side 30. © 2013 Petroch

Explosives Store 31. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational

OH Issues (b) Thermal Environment For offshore rigs and platforms, one of the areas

Heat Stress information card for workers – English & Turkish 33. © 2013 Petroch

Mud Room – high humidity 34. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version

OH Issues (c) Noise For offshore drilling rigs, high noise areas are Machinery Deck

Drilling Rig – Machine Room Noise Contour 36. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

OH Issues (d) Asbestos and Other Fibres 37. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

OH Issues (e) Ergonomic 38. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J

OH Issues (f) Radiation • Ionizing – Radiation • Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)

Lighting in Plant Room 40. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J

Ultraviolet Source used in the water sanitizer 41. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

OH Issues (g) Other Hazards - Weather After Hurricane Katrina Before Hurricane Katrina Mars

BP Damaged offshore oil rig EI-322 -15 43. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd

OH Issues (g) Other Hazards - Wildlife Snake crawling on off shore oil rig

OH Issues (h) Other Considerations • Accommodation • Food • Water supply • Transport

Offshore oil rig kitchen 46. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J

Offshore oil rig dining room 47. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version

End of Section 5 Processes Exploration and Extraction 48. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty

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Oil & Gas Industry • UPSTREAM • Exploration for crude oil or natural gas on land or sea • Extraction (Production) from field and transport to processing plants • DOWNSTREAM • Refining or processing the crude oil or gas to marketable products – Refineries, Gas Plants • Distribution of those products to the supply network – Terminals and lube blending plants and depots • Delivery to the customer – Road Tankers, Barges, Rail tank cars, Trucks (drum Stock), Packaged product, Retail stores 4. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

Processes of Exploration and Extraction Life of a well - Planning, Drilling, Completion, Production, and Abandonment Types of wells • Exploration wells (information gathering) purposes • Appraisal wells used to assess characteristics (flow rate, assay) • Production wells for producing oil or gas • Wildcat wells 6. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

Oil well in Iran Persia Rig 20 blowout half a mile of steel pipe (800 m) shoots into the air 2000 feet (600 m) 15. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

Sources of Information on Crudes and Gas Fields -1 What does the Hygienist want to know? What hazards can be expected? 16. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

CRUDE ASSAY A systematic compilation of data defining properties of the whole crude along with yields and properties of various boiling fractions. Why have crude assays? • Crudes are different • Old crudes change over time as the oil field is exploited • New crudes are discovered 17. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

CRUDE ASSAYS - CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE CRUDE Property Primary Use Specific Gravity (API) Crude pricing Viscosity –Pour Point Storage and Transportation requirements Sulphur Processing & environmental requirements Carbon Residue Asphalt & Heavy fuel potential Salt, Nitrogen, Metals (Ni, Processing requirements V, Hg) Light Hydrocarbons (C 1 to C 5) 18. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd Storage; Transportation and Processing requirements BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

Crude Assays – Information for Hygienist From the Crude Assay • How much benzene is present? • How much hydrogen sulphide, mercury, etc? All information which can help identify the potential hazards which may appear This becomes more important for refining. 19. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

Crude Assay Information Sarawak Shell Berhad, Bintulu LNGL • Benzene content of 1. 53% (wt. ), Toluene 3. 09% (wt. ), C 8 Aromatics (Xylene, Ethyl benzene) 0. 70% (wt. ). • There is little mercury (<1 ppb (wt. )) although it shows at around 2. 15 to 2. 75 ppb in cuts 140 to 185°C. • Other contaminants of interest are also low Vanadium, Nickel, are <1 ppm, Arsenic, Lead are <1 ppb, Total sulphur <0. 01%. Benzene and Toluene levels would be considered of concern in the naphtha cut of this crude. 20. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

Occupational Hygiene Issues - Upstream a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 21. Hazardous Substances Thermal Environment Noise Asbestos and Other Fibres Ergonomic Radiation Other Hazards Other Considerations © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

OH Issues (a) Hazardous Substances There are four groups – • Process streams and contaminants – crude oil, natural gas, (condensate) • Purchased chemicals and products – this requires a chemical inventory, e. g. drilling muds, cements, treatment chemicals • Generated hazardous substances such as welding fume, grit blasting • Generated waste and waste disposal 22. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

OH Issues (b) Thermal Environment For offshore rigs and platforms, one of the areas of interest are the plant (engine) rooms, and the general environment depending on location of the rig. e. g. Middle East (hot), Alaska , Arctic (cold) 32. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

OH Issues (c) Noise For offshore drilling rigs, high noise areas are Machinery Deck (Engine Room, Mud Pump Room), but the highest noise levels can occur during the Draw Works Brakes area and operations during drilling and pumping mud. >100 d. BA For production platforms, high noise sources are compressors and generators (typically >105 d. BA) however with modern designs and improved engineering the new platforms may be able to achieve noise levels < 85 d. BA In addition, helicopters arriving/departing the rig 35. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

OH Issues (f) Radiation • Ionizing – Radiation • Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) • Non-Ionizing Radiation- Visible – Lighting • UV radiation (sun, welding) 39. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

OH Issues (g) Other Hazards - Weather After Hurricane Katrina Before Hurricane Katrina Mars Platform offshore drilling and production platform Gulf of Mexico 2005. Before and after Hurricane ‘Katrina’ 42. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

OH Issues (h) Other Considerations • Accommodation • Food • Water supply • Transport to/from site (helicopter offshore). 45. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J 11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry