OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE WELCOME COURSE OBJECTIVES

OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE WELCOME

COURSE OBJECTIVES þ INTRODUCE ERGONOMICS AS A SAFETY SCIENCE & ESTABLISH ITS ROLE IN TODAY’S INDUSTRY. þ INTRODUCE SOME BASIC SKILLS IN THE RECOGNITION & CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMIC HAZARDS. þ PROVIDE BASIC RECOGNITION SKILLS FOR SUPERVISORS þ DEFINE ERGONOMICS (DISPEL MYTHS).

COURSE OBJECTIVES (Continued) NOTE This Course Is Designed to Introduce Basic Skills in the Recognition of Ergonomic Stressors, It Will Not Make You an Expert. If You Feel That the Requirements of Your Job Are Above Your Level of Expertise the Services of a Professional Ergonomist or Medical Professional Should Be Sought.

BASIS FOR THIS COURSE þ THOUSANDS OF WORKERS CAN BENEFIT FROM ERGONOMICS þ DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS ERGONOMIC STRESSORS þ DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS PHYSICAL HAZARDS þ EFFICIENCY CAN BE GREATLY IMPROVED þ OSHA SAFETY STANDARDS REQUIRE: ü ü Establishment of a “safety” program Training be conducted Ergonomic stressors be assessed Hazards and precautions be explained

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS þ 29 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (PROPOSED REGULATION IN DEVELOPMENT) þ 29 CFR 1903. 1, THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE þ ANSI HFS-100/1988, VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS þ ANSI Z-365; CONTROL OF CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS þ MEATPACKING PLANT GUIDELINES (Previously) þ NIOSH LIFTING GUIDELINES (Beyond Scope)

GENERAL PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS ALL EMPLOYERS MUST: þ REVIEW JOB SPECIFIC HAZARDS þ INSTITUTE SAFE WORK PRACTICES þ CONDUCT ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENTS þ PROVIDE COMPLETE HAZARD INFORMATION þ PROVIDE HEALTH SCREENING WHERE NEEDED þ PROVIDE TRAINING TO ALL REQUIRED EMPLOYEES þ INSTALL ENGINEERING CONTROLS WHERE POSSIBLE

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS THE EMPLOYER MUST: þ DETERMINE ERGONOMIC STRESSORS. þ DISCUSS EMPLOYEE PROTECTIVE MEASURES. þ REVIEW THE PROGRAM ON AN ANNUAL BASIS. þ TRAIN ALL EMPLOYEES PRIOR TO JOB ASSIGNMENT. þ DISCUSS PERIPHERALS SUCH AS LOCKOUT AND CONFINED SPACES.

RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A: þ CLOSE-CALL EVENT þ PROGRAM RELATED INJURY þ CHANGE IN JOB ASSIGNMENT þ NEW HAZARD OR EQUIPMENT þ NEW HAZARD CONTROL METHODS þ FAILURE IN THE SAFETY PROCEDURES þ REASON TO DOUBT EMPLOYEE PROFICIENCY

ERGONOMICS DEFINED VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS: þ The study of man’s relationship with his or her workplace. þ Fitting the task to the person rather than forcing him/her to adapt to the work environment. þ Designing the workplace to prevent occupational injury and illness.

ERGONOMICS DEFINED (Continued) VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS: þ Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the human body. þ The art and science that addresses workers’ job performance and well-being in relation to their job tasks, tools, equipment and environment. þ The study of the relationship between people and machines or between employees and their environment.

ERGONOMICS DEFINED (Continued) VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS: þ The study of the interaction between the worker and the process at the workplace. WHAT OTHER DEFINITIONS HAVE YOU HEARD?

ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP: þ þ þ þ Improve quality. Improve absenteeism. Maintain a healthier work force. Reduce injury and illness rates. Acceptance of high-turnover jobs. Workers feel good about their work. Reduce workers’ compensation costs. Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness.

ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT “It is estimated that in the United States, 97% of the money spent for medical care is directed toward treatment of an illness, injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on prevention. ” Self-help Manual for your Back H. Duane Saunders, MSPT by Educational Opportunities

ERGONOMICS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER OF WAYS ERGONOMICS IMPACTS OUR DAILY LIFE!

ERGONOMICS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR EXAMPLE! THE SCIENCE OF ERGONOMICS IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT IN THE CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE!

ERGONOMICS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE: þ þ þ þ þ Economics Sociology Physiology Psychology Biomechanics Physical Sciences Management Philosophies Engineering, Industrial Design Safety & Health, Human Factors Engineering

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERGONOMIC PROGRAM REQUIRES: þ PERSONAL INTEREST þ DEDICATION þ MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT NOTE: UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS þ þ þ þ WORK STATION DESIGN TOOL SELECTION AND DESIGN OFFICE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS (VDT’S) SAFETY BACK INJURY REDUCTION AND PREVENTION MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING IMPROVEMENT CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDER (CTD) REDUCTION

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY þ RECOGNITION ü A determination of whethere are ergonomics related problems in the workplace. þ EVALUATION ü An identification of the nature and location of the problems. þ CONTROL ü The introduction of measures designed to eliminate or reduce the hazards.

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS þ TRAINING þ WORKSITE ANALYSIS þ MEDICAL MANAGEMENT þ ERGONOMICS WORKING GROUP þ HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ TRAINING ü ü JOB-SPECIFIC TRAINING FOR ENGINEERS ANNUAL AWARENESS TRAINING FOR: - Affected employees - Managers - Supervisors - Maintenance personnel

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ WORKSITE ANALYSIS ü ü RECORDS REVIEW PERIODIC SURVEYS HAZARDS ANALYSIS SYSTEMATIC SITE ANALYSIS

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ MEDICAL MANAGEMENT ü ü ü ü ü Follow-up Recordkeeping Symptom surveys Health surveillance Classify job demands Disability management Establish treatment protocols Periodic reviews with physicians Early symptoms reporting mechanism Health care providers must be part of the program

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ ERGONOMICS WORKING GROUP ü ü WRITTEN PROGRAM EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT REGULAR PROGRAM ACTIVITY, REVIEW AND EVALUATION

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS (Continued) þ HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL ü ü PPE REDUCTION ENGINEERING CONTROLS ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS OPTIMIZATION OF WORK PRACTICES

THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE þ CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: 1. DO (OR GET INVOLVED IN) THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. 2. IF YOU FEEL ERGONOMICS IS A FACTOR, OBTAIN ASSISTANCE (IF NEEDED) FROM EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF CONCERN. 3. COMPLETE THE PAPERWORK (WORK ORDERS, POLICY CHANGES, ETC. ) TO MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS. 4. FOLLOW-UP ON THE ACTIONS YOU TOOK.

THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE (Continued) þ HOW TO DETERMINE IF ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE (ERGONOMIC HAZARD INDICATORS): 1. STRAINS AND SPRAINS OFTEN RESULT FROM WORK ACTIVITY THAT CAN BE ALLEVIATED THROUGH ERGONOMIC IMPROVEMENTS. 2. IF WORKERS COMPLAIN ABOUT PAIN OR FATIGUE IN SPECIFIC MUSCLE GROUPS OR BODY PARTS. 3. HIGH TURNOVER RATES OF EMPLOYEES IN CERTAIN JOBS IS AN INDICATOR THAT AN ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED.

WRITTEN PROGRAM WHEN THE FINAL RULE FOR ERGONOMICS IS INTRODUCED þ WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE: ü DEVELOPED ü IMPLEMENTED ü CONTROLLED ü PERIODICALLY REVIEWED

HEALTH SURVEILLANCE þ HEALTH SURVEILLANCE INCLUDES: ü EMPLOYEE BASELINES - (physicals). ü EMPLOYEE NOTIFICATION. • EMPLOYEE’S SHOULD BE NOTIFIED WHEN THEY ARE PLACED IN JOB DESCRIPTIONS WITH KNOWN STRESSORS. ü PERIODIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE - MONITORING THE STATUS OF KNOWN PROBLEMS OR LOOKING FOR THE BEGINNING OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE JOB.

ERGONOMICS WORKING GROUP þ þ Hold regular meetings Document meetings Committees encourage employee involvement Employee complaints, suggestions, or concerns can be brought to the attention of management. þ Feedback without fear of reprisal should be provided to all employees þ The committee should analyze statistical data concerning ergonomic stressors, and make recommendations for corrective action þ Follow-up is critical

PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDE: þ þ Employee surveys. Review of results of facility evaluations. Analysis of trends in injury/illness rates. Up-to-date records of logs of job improvements tried or implemented. þ Before and after surveys/evaluations of job/worksite changes.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS ENGINEERING CONTROLS Work Station Design Process Modification Tool Selection and Design Mechanical Assist ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training Programs Pacing FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE Job Rotation/Enlargement Policy and Procedures PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE Gloves Shields Non-Slip Shoes Wraps Eye Protection Aprons

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS þ OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS: Occupational risk factors are defined as any attribute of a job or task that we know increases the probability of injury or illness. þ INAPPROPRIATE 1. Force - Including- Internal or External 2. Posture - Such as - Extreme Twisting or Bending 3. Repetition - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion 4. Insufficient Rest - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion

WORKSITE ANALYSIS þ WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN PARTS: 1. Gathering information from available sources. 2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which jobs need a closer analysis. 3. Performing ergonomic job hazard analyses of those work stations with identified risk factors. 4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.

WORKSITE ANALYSIS Continued TANGIBLE INDICATORS: þ Accident Records þ Production Records þ Personnel Records þ Employee Surveys

WORKSITE ANALYSIS Continued SYMPTOM SURVEY 1. NOTE AREAS OF PAIN OR DISCOMFORT! 2. WHAT DO YOU FEEL IS THE SOURCE? 3. WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES WOULD HELP? 4. WHAT OTHER FEEDBACK CAN BE GATHERED? FRONT BACK

WORKSITE ANALYSIS Continued WHAT TANGIBLE INDICATORS WOULD BE MOST USEFUL TO YOU?

INCIDENCE RATES þ INCIDENCE RATES: incidence rates for upper extremity disorders and/or back injuries should be calculated by counting the incidences of CTDs and reporting the incidences per 100 full time workers per year per facility. INCIDENCE RATE (NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200, 000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR * 200, 000 = APPROXIMATE ANNUAL WORK HOURS FOR 100 WORKERS. * THE SAME METHOD SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DEPARTMENTS, PRODUCTION LINES, OR JOB TYPES WITHIN EACH FACILITY.

INCIDENCE RATES (Continued) SAMPLE INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION: (NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200, 000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR IF YOU EXPERIENCED 2 CARPAL TUNNEL CASES LAST YEAR, IN A POPULATION OF 100 EMPLOYEES. WHAT IS THE INCIDENCE RATE? 2 X 200, 000 IR = 100 X (50 X 40 hrs) 400, 000 200, 000 IR = 2 CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL PER 100 PERSON-YEARS OF EXPOSURE * 200, 000 = APPROXIMATE ANNUAL WORK HOURS FOR 100 WORKERS. * THE SAME METHOD SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DEPARTMENTS, PRODUCTION LINES, OR JOB TYPES WITHIN EACH FACILITY.

ANTHROPOMETRY DEFINED ANTHROPOMETRY: The technology of measuring and quantifying various human physical traits such as size, weight, proportion, mobility and strength.

ANTHROPOMETRY DEFINED ENGINEERING ANTHROPOMETRY: The application of anthropometric data to equipment, workplace and job design to enhance the efficiency, safety and comfort of the operator.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS Inches Abbreviated Table of Anthropometric Dimensions Physical Dimension 1. Stature 2. Eye ht. 3. Hip ht. 4. Elbow ht. MEN 5 th 64. 0 59. 6 33. 1 39. 6 50 th 62. 5 64. 2 36. 2 42. 9 WOMEN 95 th 73. 0 68. 7 39. 4 46. 5 5 th 59. 3 55. 3 29. 1 36. 6 50 th 63. 4 59. 3 31. 9 39. 6 95 th 67. 3 63. 4 42. 7

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS PERSONAL RISK FACTORS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Age Gender Attitude Training Strength Work method Anthropometry

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS Continued JOB RISK FACTORS 1. Weight of load 2. Location/size of load 3. Frequency of the Task 4. Duration and pace of cycle 5. Stability of load 6. Coupling of load 7. Travel distances of worker 8. Reach distances of worker 9. Symmetry between worker and the object held

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS Continued JOB RISK FACTORS 10. Static work posture a) Standing b) Sitting 11. Work platforms or stairs 12. Torso flexion (bending) a) Mild (up to 45 degrees) b) Severe (greater than 45 degrees) 13. Work heights (too high or too low) 14. Floor surfaces (wet, smooth, vibration)

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS Continued JOB RISK FACTORS 15. Environment a) Hot (sweat, reduced grip, fatigue) b) Cold (gloves reduce grip by as much as 30%) 16. Lighting a) posture problems (because of inability to see) 17. Noise/vibration a) Frequency very important b) Can amplify through the body

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS Continued WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUR JOB?

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS UNIT LOADS: DEFINED AS: The unit to be moved or handled at any one time. THE CONTAINER, CARRIER, OR SUPPORT USED TO MOVE MATERIALS MUST BE INCLUDED AS PART OF THE UNIT LOAD.

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued FACTORS AFFECTING UNIT LOADS þ THE MATERIAL TO BE UTILIZED þ THE QUANTITY OF MATERIAL TO BE HANDLED þ THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MATERIAL TO DAMAGE þ THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE UNIT LOAD IS HANDLED þ THE RECEIVING, STORING, SHIPPING, AND HANDLING METHODS þ THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS TO WHICH THE LOAD IS EXPOSED

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued DESIGNING THE UNIT LOAD þ OPTIMIZE THE WEIGHT OF THE LOAD þ REDUCE THE SIZE OF THE LOAD þ INSURE STABILITY OF THE LOAD þ OPTIMIZE LOAD COUPLING - HAND TO LOAD - FOOT TO FLOOR

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued DEFINITION OF TERMS: þ Fundamental Movements or acts “ELEMENT” - Search - Select - Grasp - Reach - Move - Hold - Position - Inspect - Assemble - Disassemble - Delay (unavoidable) - Delay (avoidable) - Plan - Rest (overcome fatigue)

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued DEFINITION OF TERMS: þ The time required to complete one sequence of tasks sub- tasks, or elements. “CYCLE” þ Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. Assemble new box Put bottles in box from conveyor Stack boxes on pallet Go to step 1

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued TASK ANALYSIS þ IDENTIFY THE JOB TO STUDY þ COLLECT THE DATA þ EVALUATE THE DATA þ FORMULATE CONTROL MEASURES

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued IDENTIFYING THE JOB TO STUDY þ ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS þ ACCIDENT STATISTICS þ COMPLAINTS & OPERATOR FEEDBACK þ PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS, HIGH ERRORS þ HIGH EMPLOYEE TURNOVER JOBS

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued COLLECTING THE DATA þ DIRECT OBSERVATION þ VIDEO TAPE þ ACTION PHOTOGRAPHS þ DOCUMENTARY ACCOUNTS þ ACCIDENT STATISTICS

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued EVALUATING THE DATA þ TASK DESCRIPTION þ SUB-TASK DESCRIPTION þ ELEMENT DESCRIPTION þ RISK FACTOR/HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES þ APPLICATION OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES þ CORRECTIVE ACTION FOR NON-COMPLIANCE þ ELIMINATE OR REDUCE EXPOSURE

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS Continued TASK ANALYSIS FORM þ þ þ þ TASK DESCRIPTION LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND FREQUENCY NOTES POSTURE FORCE DURATION - Action Being Performed - Usage - Usually per minute - Supporting information - Acceptable to extreme - High, Medium, Low - Length of Stressor

JOB AND WORK STATION DESIGN GOOD JOB DESIGN REDUCES Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions AVOIDS Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints, Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance ABATES Accidents, Production Problems, Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework

JOB AND WORK STATION DESIGN Continued GOOD JOB DESIGN EMPLOYEE: PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power, Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering EMPLOYER: PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise, Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods & Equipment

WORK STATION DESIGN Continued DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS þ þ þ þ Design for the Range-of-Motion of the Worker Design for the Field of Vision of the Worker Design out Extreme Ranges-of-Motion Reduce Force in Job Accomplishment Reduce the Frequency of Motions Required Reduce the Duration of a Specific Task Design to Provide Adequate Support to Back, and Legs

WORK STATION DESIGN Continued DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS þ þ þ þ Incorporate Adjustable Work Surfaces Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Heights Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Reaches Design Work Platforms with Ranges-of-Movement Incorporate the use of Mechanical or Powered Assists Incorporate the use of Suspension Devices for Tools Incorporate the use of Floor mats to Reduce Leg Trauma

WORK STATION DESIGN Continued THE BOTTOM LINE þ þ þ DO NOT DESIGN FOR THE AVERAGE! DO NOT DESIGN FOR YOURSELF! THE LARGE MUST BE ABLE TO FIT! THE SMALL MUST BE ABLE TO REACH! DESIGN FOR A RANGE! DESIGN FOR ADJUSTABILITY!

WORK STATION DESIGN Continued WHAT ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CAN YOU THINK OF FOR WORK STATIONS?

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS þ þ þ Consider the Gender and Age of Users. The Specific Use of the Tool Is Critical. Contact Manufactures for Their Assistance. Make Informed Decisions Before You Buy. Don’t be Fooled by Misleading Advertising. Any Other (than its intended) Use Negates Possibly All Benefits and May Prove to be Detrimental to an Ergonomic Program.

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued REMEMBER A TOOL WHICH IS CALLED AN “ERGONOMIC TOOL” IS ONLY AN ERGONOMIC TOOL WHEN IT IS USED FOR ITS INTENDED PURPOSE

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued CONSIDERATIONS PINCHPOINTS STRAIGHT WRIST WEIGHT TORQUE VIBRATION SAFE BALANCE FIRM GRIP

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued þ TOOLS COME IN ENDLESS VARIETY, THE NEXT FEW SLIDES PROVIDE SOME CONSIDERATIONS TO THINK ABOUT.

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS CRITERIA CONSIDERATION þ DIAMETER - AVOID ONE SIZE FITS ALL þ HAND FIT - AVOID GROOVES AND CONTOURS THAT CAUSE PRESSURE POINTS þ HANDLE MATERIAL - NON-CONDUCTIVE - TEXTURED TO AVOID SLIP OR TWIST - CONSIDER THICKNESS

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS CRITERIA CONSIDERATION þ ORIENTATION - ACCOMMODATES STRAIGHT WRIST? þ SPAN - NOT TOO LARGE TO GRASP EASILY? þ GRIP STRENGTH - CONSIDER POWERED TOOLS WHEN OPERATOR HAS DIFFICULTY WITH FORCES OR HIGH REPETITION!

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued GUARDING CONSIDERATIONS CRITERIA þ PINCHPOINTS CONSIDERATION - PINCH AND NIP POINTS COVERED? - STOPPER TO AVOID CLOSING FINGERS? þ EXHAUST - POINTED AWAY FROM HAND BODY?

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued FREE HAND CONSIDERATIONS CRITERIA þ FREE HAND USE CONSIDERATION - JIGS AND FIXTURES TO HOLD WORK - FIXTURES CAN EVEN HOLD TOOL

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued STORAGE OF TOOL BETWEEN CYCLES CRITERIA CONSIDERATION þ BETWEEN CYCLES - SUSPEND IF FREQUENTLY GRASPED OR RELEASED - CONSIDER WORKSTATION OR WAIST MOUNTED HOLSTER

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued POWER TOOLS CRITERIA CONSIDERATION þ CENTER OF GRAVITY - SHOULD BE NEAR FIST - AVOID NOSE-HEAVY TOOLS þ WEIGHT - SUPPORT OR COUNTERBALANCE IF OVER TWO POUNDS þ TRIGGER LOCATION - PLACED WITH GRIP SO DIGITS DON’T HAVE TO REACH

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued POWER TOOLS CRITERIA CONSIDERATION þ TRIGGER LOCATION - PLACED WITH GRIP SO DIGITS DON’T HAVE TO REACH þ TRIGGER TENSION - LIGHT ENOUGH TO AVOID FATIGUE, HEAVY ENOUGH TO AVOID ACCIDENTAL ACTIVATION þ SIZE - PREFERABLY LARGE ENOUGH TO SPAN MULTIPLE FINGERS

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued POWER TOOLS CRITERIA CONSIDERATION þ TORQUE REACTION - MANUAL STOP OR REACTION BAR þ CLUTCH OPTIONS - RATCHET - STALL þ MAINTENANCE - UPKEEP AND REPAIR AVOIDS VIBRATION

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued POWER TOOLS CRITERIA þ POWER CONSIDERATION - TORQUE AND SPEED SHOULD BE ADEQUATE TO MATCH FASTENING REQUIREMENTS þ HOSE CONNECTION - SWIVEL CONNECTION REDUCES “MOMENT” CREATED BY DANGLING HOSE

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS þ REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA! þ REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE STARTING THE JOB! þ DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD! þ DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE! þ DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!