Observations of protoplanetary disks and exoplanets with the
Observations of proto-planetary disks and exoplanets with the JWST E. Pantin, P. O. Lagage and the MIRI science team
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
SPITZER (IRAC, 8 m) Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry JWST (MIRI, 7. 7 m) 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Thermal Background Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
+ FGS: Tunable Filter Instrument 1. 5 -5 um, R= 100, NRM (21 baselines) Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
NIRCAM coronagraphic occulters 3 apodized SPOTS Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 2 apodized WEDGES 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
MIRI Fields of View, Coronagraphs 4 QPM Coronagraphs 15. 5µm 11. 4µm 10. 65µm 24 x 24 arcsec. Imager 75 x 113 arcsec Low Resolution Spectrometer 5 x 0. 6 arcsec Medium Resolution Spectrometer > 3. 5 x 3. 5 arcsec Lyot Mask 23 m 30” x 30” F 1550 C or (F 1550 C+ F 1140 C) => Teff , CO 2, clouds F 1065 C + F 1140 C => Ammonia, clouds, T° probe F 0560 W => water F 0770 W => methane All + modeling => some atmospheric parameters Some degeneracies exist => combination with NIR is crucial Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Principle of 4 QPM (n-1)e = /2 IWA /D 0. 35" Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
NIRCAM MIRI TFI-NRM 2. 5 m 15 m 4 m Median angular resolution 0. 1 " 0. 6 " 0. 07 " Coronagraphic mode Yes NA ~ 20 x 20 " ~ 0. 6 " Central wavelength Field Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Sensitivity Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Major points: • extreme sensitivity combined fairly good angular resolution ("a VISIR in space") • stability • JWST is not meant to discover new exoplanets but characterize already known ones Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Exo-planets
Exo-planets imaging science case
Simulated coronagraphic images NIRCAM: M 0 star 4 pc 2 Mj 7 AU MIRI: M 2 V star 10 pc 5, 10, 15 AU 1 h integration = 11. 4 m Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 1 MJup 5 MJup 10 MJup 500 K 10 Myr 165 Myr 670 Myr 300 K 80 Myr 1 Gyr 3. 5 Gyr 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Rejection performance Beichman, 2010 Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Parameters space GROUND-BASED IMAGING Bright early-type stars NIRCAM/TFI/MIRI M stars Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
JWST exoplanets imaging science case A simulated targets sample for exoplanets detection
Simulated performances Sample program Monte-Carlo ~700 stars) 1000 runs d< ~150 age : 1 Myr- 1 Gyr 25 best (highest detection success rate) 1 dispersion, all stars symbol sizes fractional detection rate Beichman et al. , 2010 Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Full sample NIRCAM Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry MIRI TFI-NRM 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
M stars only NIRCAM MIRI young planets < Mj Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry old planets > Mj 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Giant planets formation mechanism around lowmass stars: The M stars niche for MIRI imager
The ("adolescent") M stars opportunity Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
The M stars opportunity 12 M 0 -M 5 stars d=10 -40 pc ages < 200 Myr • TW Hya (10 Myr) • Pic mg (12 Myr) • Tucana-Horologium (30 Myr) • AB doradus (80 Myr) • Castor mg (200 Myr) complementary NIRCAM and TFI observations are compulsory to assess the planetary nature of sources found !! Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Exoplanets characterization using mid-IR spectroscopy
Exoplanets mid-IR spectra Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Hot Jupiter primary and secondary transits (NIRCAM, NIRspec) HD 209459 b secondary transit primary transit t=6 h courtesy of J. Valenti hot neptunes spectra (4 transits) are accessible using NIRCAM-NIRspec instruments Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Exo-Earths transit spectra (NIRspec, MR) NIRspec simulated spectrum of a (H 2 rich) super-Earth exoplanet (GL 581 -like, M 3, 6 pc, 20 transits) Clampin, 2009 Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
MIRI • transit spectroscopy (probably not as performant as NIRCAM/NIRspec, TBC) • imaging (++) • spectral deconvolution using the MRS Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
A couple of (non exhaustive) niches concerning telluric planets !
The molten exo-Earths opportunity • No atmosphere 100 000 yr cooling time • Atmosphere 1 -10 Myr cooling time Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry Miller-ricci et al. , 2009 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Exo-rings SECP rings can survive on Gyr-timescales ! Pantin et al. , in prep Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Exo-rings "Fomalhaut b-like" ring Detection limit Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Circumstellar disks
Spectroscopy of PP disks
Spectroscopy of PP disks : a key program for MIRI GTO observations Full inventory of organic (pre-biotic) species : o NH 3 o C 6 H 6 o CH 4 o HCO+ o HCN Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
THE MIRI GTO imaging proposal on protoplaneteary disks
Goals study: Ø large-scale geometry of the disks: MIRI tremendous sensitivity allows to observe the disks up to very large distances from the star for the first time, a large sample of T-Tauri disks are observable/resolvable in the mid-IR Ø disks (dust) vertical structure dust settling dust coagulation disks stratification Ø search forming/formed planets signature: direct detection of forming protoplanet is highly unlikely (brightness peak@accreting phase ? ) embedded massive bodies produce structures in disks: o gaps o bright rims o asymmetries Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
MIRI study of Large Scale Structure of Protoplanetary Disks
What do we observe in the mid-IR range ? • Mainly thermal emission from heated dust grains • Mainly the inner rim (1500 K) that produces >90% of the total 10 m flux (continuum) coronagraphic mode is compulsory to avoid detector saturation (Fmax=20 m. Jy) and decrease photon noise • Once, the inner rim masked/subtracted, thermal emission produced at the disks' surface ( =1), on intermediate distance scales (3 -100 AU) • PAH emission (7. 7, 8. 6, 11. 3 m) on larger scales ( Rout) Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry ~1 AU, 10 mas ~100 AU 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Large Scale Parameters HD 97048 8. 6 m VLT/VISIR (Lagage et al. 2006) Star Æ Æ measure: scale height at a given distance flaring parameter dust sizes vs distance dust composition vs distance indirect indications/constraints on: Æ gas content Æ turbulence (small grains) Æ surface density Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks in "transition" phase HD 95881 model sketch Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Continuum profiles MIRI In the case of Herbig disks, the PAH emission (8. 6, 11. 3 m) is brighter and more extended than continuum emission Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Scattered mid-IR emission Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
MIRI study of Disks Vertical Structure
Disks appareance Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks appareance as a probe of dust settling PAH dominated spectrum Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Signatures of giant planets formation in PP disks
Simulated observations of a PP disk with a giant exoplanet 1 Mj@20 AU d = 100 pc Herbig Ae-type disk Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry ELT/METIS (2018 + ? ) 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Why "long-wavelength" data ( >20 m) are also very important ? HD 142527 Herbig star VISIR image Si. C (10. 8 um) PSF subtraction = 18. 7 m 1" 11. 8 m 19 m HD 142527 Q 2 PSF subtracted Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry Verhoeff et al. , 2010, submitted 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
The MIRI disks imaging GTO sample • 10. 6, 11. 4, 15. 5, 23 m coronagraphic imaging • 10 Herbig / 14 T-Tauri / 2 brown dwarves • A large sample of moderately inclined disks • A handful of almost edge-on disks ("disk tomography", direct imaging) • a selection of "transition disks" (last stages of planet formation ? ? ? ) • Several star forming regions/evolutionary stages represented (Chameleon, Taurus-Aurigae, Scorpus, Ophiuchi • Good overlap/complementarity with the spectroscopic program Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Imaging of debris disks
NIRCAM imaging residual wavefront error (~ 200 "zodis") Pic-like disk @ 100 pc Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
MIRI imaging Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Complementary with existing/future facilities Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Conclusions Ø no major step in angular resolution capabilities (~ground) Ø not an exoplanets "hunter" but Ø amazing sensitivity (extended sources !) and stability: 103 gain factor Ø full set of space-born coronagraphic capabilities 2 -25 m Ø JWST will characterize wide separation (5 -100 AU) giant exoplanets (M>Ms) and discover new ones around faint (M) stars Ø spectroscopy of giant exoplanets R=10 R=3000 Ø unique to detect/characterize thermal emission ( scattered emission) of disks Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Things the JWST cannot (or badly) do • faint stars (M!), no AO limitation • PSF subtraction • very long integrations • follow-ups Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
Compared performances ELT/METIS JWST/MIRI (see M. Kissler-Patig presentation, B. Brandl poster) (see A. Glasse presentation) Ø good sensitivity to point sources and peaky structures (~25 Jy at 10 m) Ø very good sensitivity to point sources (~1 Jy at 10 m) Ø excellent angular resolution (0. 05"/10 m), direct imaging of planetary regions (r<30 AU) in closest disks (d<150 pc) will be achievable Ø angular resolution (0. 3" at 10 m) comparable to that of current 8 m-class telescopes instruments (e. g. VISIR) Ø very limited sensitivity (~10 m. Jy/"2, nul in some cases !) to extended emission Ø awesome sensitivity to extended emission (~1 Jy/"2 at 10 m) Same wavelength coverage, high level of complementary between extended source sensitivity/angular resolution Disks and exoplanets : sciences cases for interferometry 28 -30/05/2010 Kiel
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