Observational Learning Questions Understand assumptions of observational learning

Observational Learning Questions: Understand assumptions of observational learning To start - what is happening in the video? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =MU 3 xgn. S 9 H 8 I Know the stages of observational learning Outline the key

Observational Learning A form of learning where an individual observes the behaviour of another person (model), notes the consequences they experience and uses this as a guide to whether they will imitate or not imitate their behaviour in the future EXAMPLES Learning how to tie your shoe Learning a dance routine Learning how to swim Can you think of any other examples?

Features of Observational Learning occurs indirectly through observation vicarious conditioning Evidence of learning is not observable unless the organism is motivated by a stimulus to display the learning Cognition is necessary (thinking and memory) Learner has an active role Reinforcement increases the likelihood of the learner repeating the behaviour - vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment

Process of Observational The following Learning processes are necessary for observational learning to occur; Attention Reproduction Motivation Reinforcement

Attention In order to learn through observation, we must pay attention to the model’s behaviour. Attention may be influenced by several factors: sensory capabilities, motivation and interest level, situation, the kinds of distracters and characteristics of the model.

Attention We are more likely to imitate models who have the following characteristics: Perceived positively, is liked, has a high status Perceived similarities between model and observer familiar behaviour is visible and stands out demonstrating behaviour which the observer perceives as being able to imitate

Retention The learnt behaviour must be stored in memory as a mental representation so that the observed learning can be utilised at a later date. The more meaningful that image, the more accurately we will be able to replicate the behaviour when necessary. Responses learned by modelling are often not needed until some time after they have been acquired. Memory plays an important role in

Reproduction The learner must have the physical and intellectual ability to convert these mental representations into actions. For example: a child must be old enough to be able to use the kitchen equipment for

Motivation and Reinforcement The learner must want to imitate the learnt behaviour. This will depend on whether the learner believes that there will be a desirable consequence (reinforcement) for reproducing the learnt behaviour Three aspects of reinforcement: External reinforcement Vicarious reinforcement Self-reinforcement

Reinforcement Self-reinforcement External Reinforcement • Is similar to learning by consequenc es. • When you get praise or rewards for your behaviour. • • Vicarious Reinforcement Is observing the modelled behaviour being reinforced for other people. Eg. The children watching the adults being rewarded for being aggressive toward the Bobo dolls. • • When we are reinforced by meeting certain standards of performance we set for ourselves. Selfreinforcement can be both positive and negative.

Albert Bandura Albert various experiments in the 1960’s involving pre-school aged children and their observation of adults interacting with a Bobo doll Bandura’s experiments involved determining if pre-school children can learn aggressive behaviour via observational learning

Bandura (1961) - The ‘bobo doll’ experiment Use the clip and your text to fill in a key study sheet for Bandura’s famous experiment. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nj Tx. Qy_U 3 ac

Reflection and Homework Match the key components of observational learning with their definitions. Complete the practise questions on observational learning. Homework - complete learning activity 5. 22 as a blog post and all of 5. 23