Objektif Kursus Objektif Kursus Memberi kefahaman yang jelas

Objektif Kursus ° Objektif Kursus : Memberi kefahaman yang jelas kepada pelajar berkenaan senibina dan organisasi sistem komputer moden. Teknologi Parallelism Bhs. Pengaturcaraan Aplikasi Computer Architecture: • Instruction Set Design • Machine Organization • Implementation OS R/btk Ant. muka Sejarah

Apakah “Senibina Sistem Komputer” ° Senibina Komputer ialah rekabentuk komputer pada antaramuka hardware/software. ° Senibina Komputer = Senibina Set Arahan + Organisasi Mesin Senibina Komputer R/btj Set Arahan Organisasi Mesin Computer Interface Komp 2 Perkakasan Compiler/System View Logic Designer’s View “Building Architect” “Construction Engineer”

Senibina Set Arahan ° Senibina set arahan adalah merujuk kpd sistem komputer yg dilihat oleh pengaturcara assembly language programmer atau compiler. Yakni • Set Arahan (what operations can be performed? ) • Format Arahan (how are instructions specified? ) • Storan Data (where is data located? ) • Mod 2 Pengalamat (how is data accessed? ) • Exceptional Conditions (what happens if something goes wrong? ) ° Kefahaman tentang senibina komputer sangat penting bagi compiler writers, operating system designers dan general computer programmers.

MIPS R 3000 Instruction Set Architecture (Summary) Registers ° Instruction Categories • • • Load/Store Computational Jump and Branch R 0 R 31 Floating Point Memory Management Special PC HI LO 3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide OP rs rt OP rd sa immediate jump target funct

Organisasi Mesin ° Organisasi Mesin adlh berkenaan komputer dari pandangan seorang logic designer. Yakni • Krateria Kapabiliti & Prestasi bagi unit fungsian (cth. , registers, ALU, shifters, dlln. ). • Cara komponen 2 ini disambung diantara satu sama lain • Bgnm aliran data/maklumat di dalam dan di antara komponen 2 ini • Bgmn logik dan aliran data/maklumat dikawal • Bgmn unit fungsian di koordinat utk merealisasikan ISA ° Selalunya organisasi mesin direkabentuk supaya ia bersesuaian dengan ISA yg diberi. ° W/bgnmpun, utk mendptkan IS yg bagus adlh sangat penting mengetahui bgnm senibina IS perlu dilaksanakan.

Pertimbangan 2 dlm “Senibina Komputer” Application Operating System Compiler Firmware Instr. Set Proc. I/O system Software Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design Hardware Layout ° Koordinasi levels of abstraction ° Under a rapidly changing set of forces ° Design, Measurement, and Evaluation

Levels of abstraction ° Konsep penting dlm senibina komputer ialah penggunaan pelbagai levels of abstractions. ° Setiap level of abstraction mengandungi • an interface (outside view of what it does), and • an implementation (inside view of how it works) Implementation Interface B 2 x 1 Mux A S A Y NAND B NAND S Y

Faktor penting yg mempengaruh Senibina Komputer Technology Programming Languages Applications Computer Architecture Operating Systems History

Hala Tuju Teknologi DRAM chip capacity Microprocessor Logic Density DRAM Year Size 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 1999 2002 64 Kb 256 Kb 1 Mb 4 Mb 16 Mb 64 Mb 256 Mb 1 Gb ° Thn 1985, wujud pemproses 32 bit dlm satu cip tunggal dan single board computer ° Thn 2002, keseluruhan sistem komputer dlm satu cip sahaja.

Hala Tuju Teknologi ° Pemproses • Kapasiti logik: meningkat lbh krg 30% setahun • Kadar jam: meningkat lbh krg 20% setahun • prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 50% setahun ° Memori • Kapasiti DRAM: meningkat lbh krg 60% setahun (4 x setiap 3 thn) • prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 3. 4% setahun ° Cakera • kapasiti prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 60% setahun • prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 3. 4% setahun ° Apakah kesannya kepada sistem komputer masa depan? ° Apakah kesannya kepada rekabentuk?

Hala Tuju Teknologi

Prestasi Pemproses performance now improves 50% per year (2 x every 1. 5 years) RISC introduction

Pengukuran dan Penilaian Senibina merupakan proses lelaran ‘iterative process’ mencari rekabentuk 2 yg berkemungkinan pd semua aras sistem komputer Accurate measurement and evaluation is crucial to making the right design decisions Creativity Cost / Performance Analysis Good Ideas Bad Ideas Mediocre Ideas

Aras Pewakilan temp = v[k]; High Level Language Program v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; Compiler lw$15, lw$16, sw $15, Assembly Language Program Assembler Machine Language Program 0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 0($2) 4($2) 1111 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification ° ° ALUOP[0: 3] <= Inst. Reg[9: 11] & MASK

Komponen 2 Komputer ° Selalunya sistem komputer terdiri drpd lima jenis komponen: • datapath – melaksanakan operasi aritmetik dan logik e. g. , adders, multipliers, shifters • memory – memegang data dan arahan (instructions) e. g. , cache, main memory, disk • input hantar data ke komputer e. g. , keyboard, mouse • output dapat data daripada komputer e. g. , screen, sound card • control – beri directions kpd komponen 2 lain e. g. , bus controller, memory interface unit

Kos Komponen Komputer Computer Workstation Design Target: 25% of cost on Processor 25% of cost on Memory Rest on I/O devices, power supplies, box Processor Memory Devices Control Input Datapath Output

Komponen 2 Sistem Komputer Proc Caches Busses Memory adapters Controllers I/O Devices: Disks Displays Keyboards Controllers Networks ° Semuanya ada interfaces & organizations

Summary ° Computer Architecture includes the design of the Instruction Set Architecture (programmer's view) and the Machine Organization (logic designer’s view). ° Levels of abstraction, which consist of an interface and an implementation are useful to manage designs. ° Processor performance increases rapidly, but the speeds of memory and I/0 have not kept pace. ° Computer systems are comprised on datapath, memory, input devices, output devices, and control.