OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Chapters 17 18 At
OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Chapters 17 -18 At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Appreciate the damage caused by forest insects. 2) Understand the multifaceted role of forest entomology and some of the factors involved in protection of forests and urban trees and the role of insects in the ecosystem. 3) Describe the development of forest entomology in Europe and North America. 4) Describe the contributions of the pioneers of forest entomology. 5) Identify the major trends of the profession. 6) Know some of the major sources of information on forest insects. 7) Discuss the scientific contributions and current research of the U. S. Forest Service. 8) Outline the current role of forest entomology in private and public
Definition of Forest Entomology
Influence of Germans J. C. Schaffer - Early studies of Gypsy Moth J. T. C. Ratzeburg – Father of Forest Entomology
J. T. C. Ratzeburg The study of forest insects which have an influence on the health and the utility of those wood plants with which the forester is concerned. 1830 -1850: “Die Foresteinsketen”
Forest Entomology in U. S. and Canada A. D. Hopkins - Considered Father of U. S. Forest Entomology: Bark Beetle Specialist
F. C. Craighead (left) and J. A. Beal - 1926
Why Insects are Important in the Forests Their activities result in damage In 1950, Craighead estimated annual losses to be: Bark beetles ------------$20 million Defoliators -------------$20 million Forest Product pests -------$60 million Shade and ornamental pests ----$100 million
F. P. Keen
W. G. Wellington
Historical Aspects Development of forest entomology
Forest Entomology 1. Taxonomic/natural history phase 2. Divergent phase “Divergent” theories of population changes Density Independent factors Density Dependent factors 3. Ecosystem analysis phase Interrelationships of all environmental factors – Ecological webs, food chains, weather, etc 4. Predictive Modeling Phase Models developed from divergent and ecosystem phases.
Economic Impact of Forest Insects • Mortality – reduce growing stock • Delay stocking levels – Reproduction – Seeds, cones, seedlings • Reduce radial/axial growth – Defoliation of leaves/killing of buds • Deterioration – Loss of product value
Insects Cause Damage: To trees Southern Pine Beetle Spot
Insects Cause Damage: To Seeds and Cones Southern Pine Coneworm
Damage of Southern Pine Coneworm
Insects Cause Damage: To seedlings White Grub Adult White Grub Larva
Pales Weevil and Damage on Pine Seedling
Insects Cause Damage: To Wood Products Termites Damage Wooden Structures
Carpenter Ant & Damage
Insects also Spread Disease Southern Pine Beetle and Blue Stain Fungus
Dutch Elm Disease – vectored by Bark Beetles
Oak wilt causes tree mortality spread by Picnic Beetles
Insects are Important in the Forest Beneficial: As plant pollinators in the forest As natural enemies of pest insects
Hover Flies Pollinate Many Flowers
Preying Mantid feeding on a katydid
Larva of Lady beetle feeding on aphids
Insects also provide fodder for Gary Larson and his cartoon humor
Important Insect Groups in the Forest Lepidoptera : The butterflies & Moths
Eastern tent caterpillar & tent
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Larva
Coleoptera: The Beetles
Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis Family Cerambycidae
Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, Ants & Sawflies
Carpenter Bee Yellow Jacket Wasp Carpenter Ant Pine Sawfly Ovipositing
Homoptera-Hemiptera: Aphids, Adelgids, leafhoppers, & true bugs.
True bugs Leafhoppers Aphids
Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Katydids, & Walking Sticks
Katydid Grasshopper Walking Stick
Diptera: Flies and Mosquitoes Diptera: Cone gall midge and damage
Isoptera: Termites Termite Reproductives swarming
Termite soldier and workers
Insects Cause Damage Many Ways: Feeding Nest Building Oviposition
Tree Mortality caused by feeding of Adelgids
Nest building damage by carpenter ants
Oviposition damage caused by 13 -Year Cicada
Twig Mortality caused by 13 -Year Cicada
Approaches to Insect Control Natural Control Factors Weather Natural Enemies Cultural Control Resistance Stand Management Chemical Control Mechanical Control
Aphid lion (lacewing larva) and victim
Longleaf Pine is resistant to many insect enemies including Southern Pine Bark Beetles
Insecticide Application in Seed Orchard
Use of pheromone “Repellent” verbenone to prevent bark beetle attacks
Mechanical removal of gypsy moth egg masses
Buffer zone stops/slows southern pine beetle advance
Forest Entomology – Applied Ecology • • • Detection Identification Forecast – what will happen? Assessment – risk to forest Analysis of outbreak Recommendations/Management
Questions for Introduction to Forest Entomology: 1) Why did damage caused by forest insects in North America prompt development of forest entomology as an important discipline within silviculture? 2) Describe the evolution of forest entomology in Europe and later in North America. 3) What are the basic reasons insects are important in the forests? 4) In what ways do insects cause damage to forest trees? 5) What are the most important insect groups in the forests? 6) How does natural control differ from cultural control? 7) Why is chemical control not used more often to control forest pests? 8) Why will the future use of pesticides likely decline in the control of forests pests? 9) Describe how forest pest management will change in the future. What key biological or mathematical disciplines will be most important in pest management?
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