OBJECTIVES FOR THE DAY CHAPTER 21 To recognize

OBJECTIVES FOR THE DAY: CHAPTER 21 • To recognize prepositional phrases in sentences and between. PHRASES adjective phrases and adverb CLAUSES phrases. AND distinguish • To identify appositives and appositive phrases and the words they rename.

Part #1: Prepositional Phrases: Adjective phrases � Prepositional Phrases (page 450) › Adjective phrases �Modifies a noun or pronoun �Answers: What kind? Which one? � Example #1 (from Exercise #1 page 451) › There are several different kinds of Native American tribes in North America. �What is the prepositional phrase? �of Native American tribes; in North America �What noun or pronoun does they describe/modify? �kinds

Continued � Example #2 › The culture of each tribe varies. �What is the prepositional phrase? �of each tribe �What noun/pronoun does it describe/modify? �culture � Example #3 › Farming provided their main source of food. �What is the prepositional phrase? �of food �What noun/pronoun does it describe/modify? �source

Day #1: Prepositional Phrases: Adverb phrases � Prepositional Phrases (page 452) › Adverb phrases �Modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb �Answers: Where? When? How? � Example #1 (from Exercise #3 page 453) › The Pawnee divided themselves into four different tribes. �What is the prepositional phrase? �into four different tribes �What verb/adjective/adverb does it describe/modify? �divided

Continued � Example #2 › Most of them lived in earth lodges. �What is the prepositional phrase? �in earth lodges �What verb/adj/adverb does it describe/modify? �lived � Example #3 › Religion was very important to this tribe. �What is the prepositional phrase? �to this tribe �What verb/adj/adverb does it describe/modify? �Points to important

Part #2: Appositive and Appositive Phrases � Appositives › A noun/pronoun placed near another noun/pronoun to rename or explain it. › Sometimes set off by commas � Example #1 › A tribe of the Northeast, the Iroquois, made pottery, baskets, beadwork, and quill work. �When set off by commas, it can be removed and still make sense.

Appositive Phrases � Appositive Phrases › A noun/pronoun with modifiers, placed next to a noun/pronoun to add information & details. � Example #1 (from Exercise #5 page 455) › Sugar cane, a plant with a strong stem, was used to make armor for Creek warriors. �a plant with a strong stem �Points to Sugar cane

Continued � Example #2 › Clubs, slings, lances, and bows and arrows – the usual weapons of war – were made of cane, rock, and other materials found in the area. �the usual weapons of war �Points to Clubs, slings, lances, and bows and arrows

(Part #3) 21. 1 Compound Appositives � Compound Appositives: › 2 or more appositives or appositive phrases connected by a conjunction and used to identify the same noun or pronoun. �Reference your conjunctions on page 408. � Example #1 1. Two cities, Venice and Genoa, were great rivals at one time. 1. Compound appositive: Venice and Genoa 2. Describes: cities

Practice: Identifying Compound Appositives 1) The puppies, a tiny hound a winsome terrier, stared up at us. What is the compound appositive? a tiny hound a winsome terrier What noun/pronoun does it rename/describe? puppies

Practice: Identifying Compound Appositives 1) Viewing ocean creatures, fish and other animals, is one reason that underwater diving is popular. What is the appositive? fish and other animals What noun/pronoun does it rename/describe? creatures

Combining Sentences Using Appositive Phrases � Example #1 › Feathers were used not only for headdresses but also for acts of bravery. These feathers were called honor feathers. �Tip #1: The second sentence will always be used as the appostive (phrase). �Tip #2: Remember, appositives (phrases) usually come directly after the noun/pronoun it identifies.

Combining Sentences Using Appositive Phrases � Example #1 (Let’s try it out) › Feathers were used not only for headdresses but also for acts of bravery. These feathers were called honor feathers. �Answer: �Feathers, called honor feathers, were used not only for headdresses but also for acts of bravery.

Continued � Example #2 › Markings on the feathers identified the brave deed. The markings were cuts or adornments. �Answer: �Markings on the feathers, cuts or adornments, identified the brave deed.

Continued � Example #3 › Sam typed his paper. It was a book report. �Answer: �Sam typed his paper, a book report.

(Part #4) 21. 1 Participles & Participial Phrases � Participles : › Form of a verb that acts as an adjective. It modifies a noun/pronoun. 1) Present participles (in present tense) �A bubbling pot sat on the stove. �Modifies pot 2) Past participles (past tense) �Pleased, Kimberly sat down. �Modifies Kimberly

A Verb or a Participle? � Easy! › If the word is part of the verb phrase, it’s a verb; if not, it’s a participle. �Refer to helping verbs on page 370. � Examples: �The crowd was laughing at the street corner clown. �Is the word acting as a verb or participle? �VERB because was is a helping verb making “was laughing” a verb phrase. �The annoyed customer spoke rudely to the clerk. �Verb or participle? �PARTICIPLE because it stands along w/out a helping verb; plus, it modifies customer.

21. 1 (Part #5) Understanding the Participial Phrase � Key Concept of Participial Phrases › Basically, they’re just like participles, except: �It may be placed before or after the word it modifies. �Not always set off by commas because they’re essential to the meaning of the sentence.

Example to review… Ø The woman singing now has a good voice. Ø Step 1: What is your participial phrase? Ø Answer: “singing now” Ø Step 2: Who/what is “singing now”? It will be the word the phrase modifies. Ø Answer: “woman”

Example to review… Ø Games played before opening day do not count toward the championship. Ø Step 1: What is your participial phrase? Ø Answer: “played before opening day” Ø Step 2: What does the phrase modify? Ø Answer: “Games”

Example to review… Ø Feeling better, the patient ate some soup. Ø Step 1: What is your participial phrase? Ø Answer: “feeling better” Ø Step 2: What is the word it modifies? Ø Answer: “patient”

Example to review… Ø The man holding the baby is my uncle. Ø Step 1: What is your participial phrase? Ø Answer: “holding the baby” Ø Step 2: What is the phrase modifies? Ø Answer: “man”

Writing Sentences with Participial Phrases – Examples to Review � The money was stolen from First Bank. It was later recovered. › Step 1: You basically just combine the two. › Step 2: You DO NOT ADD words; however, you may take out words. › Step 3: It’s okay if you must change a verb/participle’s form to let the sentence make sense. Answer is: �The money stolen from First Bank was later recovered.

Writing Sentences with Participial Phrases – Examples to Review � The aerialist walked across the wire. He balanced himself carefully. › Step 1: You basically just combine the two. › Step 2: You DO NOT ADD words; however, you may take out words. › Step 3: It’s okay if you must change a verb/participle’s form to let the sentence make sense. Answer is: �Balancing himself carefully, the aerialist walked across the wire.

Writing Sentences with Participial Phrases – Examples to Review � The boy is running down the street. He is Eddy. › Step 1: You basically just combine the two. › Step 2: You DO NOT ADD words; however, you may take out words. › Step 3: It’s okay if you must change a verb/participle’s form to let the sentence make sense. Answer is: �The boy running down the street is Eddy.

21. 1 Infinitive & Infinitive Phrases Main Idea of Infinitives A (present tense) verb that is preceded by “to” & acts as a noun, adjective, & adverb. It is never just a verb. Main Functions of Infinitives: NOUN: When it functions as a subject, direct object, appositive, object of a preposition, and predicate nominative. ADJECTIVE: When it modifies a noun or pronoun it follows. ADVERB: When it modifies a verb/adverb it follows.

Refreshment for NOUN FUNCTION Subject: Main focus of the sentence. Direct Object: When the infinitive answers “verb + what”? Predicate Nominative: When the infinitive follows the linking verb (linking verbs on page 366 -367) Appositive: When infinitive is removed, the sentence still makes sense. Object of the Preposition: When the infinitive follows a preposition.

Practice: Identify the Infinitive and its function 1. Native Americans had a variety of ways to travel. 1. Infinitive: to travel 2. Function: adjective 3. Note: 1. We see that it does not follow any of the noun functions. 2. It follows a noun (ways). What modifies nouns/pronouns? Adjectives; therefore the infinitive is an adjective.

Practice: Identify the Infinitive and its function 1. To walk on top of the snow is the purpose of snowshoes. 1. Infinitive: to walk 2. Function: Noun (subject) 3. Note: 1. We see that it is the subject (main focus of a sentence); therefore, it’s a noun.

Infinitive or Prepositional Phrase? Prepositional phrases always end with a noun or pronoun. Infinitives always end with a verb. Examples: Clothing of different tribes varied from area to area. �to area �Prep. Phrase because area is a noun. Plains tribes used tubes of bone to make a hair- pipe breastplate. �to make �Infinitive because make is a verb.

Infinitive Phrases Main Idea of Infinitive Phrases: An infinitive with modifiers, complements, or a subject all acting together as a noun, adjective, or adverb. �It also has the same functions as the infinitives themselves.

Example: Identify the Infinitive Phrase & its function Example: 1. Dana’s desire to help people led to her career in medicine. 1. Infinitive phrase: to help people 1. Function: Adjective 1. 2. Note: The phrase doesn’t follow any noun functions, so we look at the word it follows – desire. Desire is a noun; therefore, the phrase is an adjective because it’s modifying the noun. Note #2: ” to her career in medicine” is not an infinitive phrase. Remember, infinitives are present-tense verbs preceded by “to”.

Infinitive Phrases Example The new law requires infants to ride in special seats. �Infinitive phrase: infants to ride in special seats �Function: Noun (Direct Object) �Why is infants included? �When we see that we may find a direct object in this case, you include the whole answer as a phrase. �“requires what? ” …infants to ride in special seats

Infinitive do not always have “to” included. Main Idea: When an infinitive or infinitive phrase is used as the D. O. of certain verbs, “to” is often omitted. Example: We saw the Olympic torch bearer pass by. �To find your infinitive, look for the direct object. �“saw what? ” the Olympic torch bearer pass by. �“the Olympic torch bearer pass by” will be your infinitive phrase. �Where should “to” be put in the phrase? Look for the verb in the phrase itself. �“to” should be put in front of “pass”.