Objectives Describe the impact of prison and war

Objectives: Describe the impact of prison and war on disease outbreak. Summarize the types of toxic agents. Determine relationships between actual and perceived risk. Catalyst: What do you think the biggest risk factors for mortality and why?

Agenda • TB and Iraqibacter videos(30) • Toxicology Notes (20) • Experiment set-up (30)

Tuberculosis resistance questions • Why is the Russian prison system considered to be "ground zero" in the fight against TB? • What is responsible for the evolution of TB strains that are resistant to multiple drugs? • How does the misuse of antibiotics affect the evolution of disease-causing bacteria? Use theory of natural selection to explain the growing resistance to antibiotics. • Why should we care about a resistant strain of TB in Russia?

Iraqibacter questions • Explain why Iraqibacter is so dangerous. • What gives Iraqibacter resistance to antibiotics? • Describe the process of horizontal gene transfer. • This video provides a powerful scenario for evolution by natural selection. Discuss this statement.

Toxicology • The study of toxins and the effects on living systems • Toxins react with cells to disrupt metabolic functions

Allergens • Act as antigens which cause production of antibodies • Bind to other materials and making them antigenic • Sick building syndrome – Caused by indoor contaminants such as formaldehyde – Causes headaches, fatigue, and allergies

Immune system depressants • Pollutants that suppress immune responses • Cause increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections • Possible causes: pesticides, PCBs

Endocrine disruptors • Affect normal hormone function • Can affect development and sexual functioning • Include dioxins and PCBs

Neurotoxins • Toxins that attack nerve cells • Heavy Metals kill nerve cells • Anesthetics and chlorinated hydrocarbons disrupt nerve signaling • Organophosphates and carbamates affects transmissions from nerve cells to body cells

Mutagens • Alter DNA in cells • Can cause birth defects and tumor growth • If mutations occur in reproductive cells it damage can be passed down genetically

Teratogens • Chemicals that cause abnormalities in infants during pregnancy • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Causes craniofacial abnormalities – Developmental delays – Behavioral problems – Mental defects

Carcinogens • Cause CANCER

Factors related to organism • Resistance to uptake, storage, or cell permeability • Ability to metabolize, inactivate, sequester, or eliminate • Tendency to activate or alter nontoxic substances to toxic substances • Concurrent infections or stress • Species and genetics • Nutritional status • Age, sex, body weight, immunology, and maturity

Factors related to toxic agent • • • Chemical composition and reactivity Physical characteristics Presence of impurities Stability and storage characteristics Availability of vehicle to carry Movement through environment and into cells

Factors related to exposure • • Dose Route, rate, and site of exposure Duration and frequency of exposure Time of exposure

Design an experiment You will be planting at least 4 sets of grass seeds and varying a chemical in their “environment”. 1. Choose an independent variable to vary. 2. Determine control variables. 3. Determine what dependent variables you should measure. 4. Create a hypothesis and reasoning. 5. Perform experiment set-up Homework: 1. Write a basic procedure. 2. Create a data table with your independent variable and dependent variable. 3. Research your contaminant and any affects on growth.