Objective You will be able to trace the

Objective: You will be able to trace the flow of blood through the heart. Do Now: • Read all of p. 945 • What is the function of the valves in the heart?

Transport • Transport involves absorbing substances in the blood and circulating it through the body • Materials that the blood carries includes dissolved and suspended materials

Blood • Connects the intercellular fluid to the organs that exchange nutrients, gasses and wastes

Figure 42. 4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries FISHES Gill capillaries Artery Gill circulation Heart: ventricle (V) A Atrium (A) Systemic circulation Vein Systemic capillaries Pulmocutaneous circuit Right systemic aorta A A V Left Right Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries V Right Pulmonary circuit Left Systemic V aorta Left A Systemic capillaries A V Right A V Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries

Heart • The two atria receive blood returning to the heart – They are thin walled • The ventricles pump blood out of the heart – They have very thick walls

The Heart • It is a pump that sends blood throughout the body • It is made of muscle we call cardiac muscle • It is separated into left and right halves by the septum • It has four chambers – Two atria receive the blood coming back to the heart – Two ventricles pump the blood out to the body

Figure 42. 6 The mammalian heart: a closer look Aorta Pulmonary artery Anterior vena cava Right atrium Left atrium Pulmonary veins Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve Posterior vena cava Right ventricle Left ventricle

Figure 42. 5 The mammalian heart: a closer look Right Atrium Left Atrium

Figure 42. 4 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview

Circulation types • Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart • Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart – Coronary circulation is a PART of systemic – Coronary supplies blood to the heart through coronary arteries

Figure 42. 4 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview

Heartbeat • The pacemaker sends an electrical impulse which cause the cells of the heart to contract

Figure 42. 7 The cardiac cycle Semilunar valves closed 2 0. 1 sec 0. 3 sec 0. 4 sec Atrial systole; ventricular diastole Semilunar valves open AV valve open 1 Atrial and ventricular diastole AV valve closed 3 Ventricular systole; atrial diastole

Figure 42. 8 The control of heart rhythm 1 Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract. SA node (pacemaker) ECG 2 Signals are delayed 3 Signals pass to heart apex. at AV node 4 Signals spread throughout ventricles. Bundle branches Heart apex Purkinje fibers

Objective: • You will be able to identify the chambers and major blood vessels of the heart.

Heart Dissection • Find the four chambers of the heart • Identify the flowing structures – Valves – Vena cava – Pulmonary artery – Pulmonary vein – Aorta • You find these structures by using your fingers

Objective: • You will be able to explain the physiology behind blood pressure.

Blood pressure • Refers to the pressure on the arteries when the ventricles contract. • The contraction period is called systole – Greatest pressure on the arteries • The non-contraction period is called diastole – Lowest pressure on the arteries • A blood pressure of 120/70 means: – Systolic number is 120 – Diastolic number is 70

Figure 42. 12 Measurement of blood pressure (layer 4) Blood pressure Reading: 120/170 Pressure in cuff above 120 Rubber cuff inflated with air Artery 120 Pressure in cuff below 70 120 70 Sounds audible in stethoscope Artery closed Sounds stop

Objective: You will be able to name and give the function of the components of the blood. Do Now: • Read all of p. 943 • Compare the circulatory system with a city

Blood • Blood consists of the liquid plasma and a variety of cells • Plasma is the liquid part of the blood – Mostly consists of water – Carries everything including wastes, CO 2, antibodies, etc… • Does NOT carry O 2

Red Blood Cells (RBC) • Carry oxygen – Hemoglobin on the RBC’s carry the O 2 – An RBC does not have a nucleus

Platelets • Platelets are involved with clotting – Platelets near an injury rupture and release a chemical – This chemical causes an enzyme-controlled series of reactions to form a clot Platelets

White Blood Cells (WBC) • White blood cells have a nucleus • They fight off bacteria and viruses – These “bad things” are called antigens • There are two types of WBC’s – Phagocytic WBC’s engulf the antigens – Lymphocytes make antibodies that attack the antigens

Phagocyte

Paired Lab Activity I vant your blood!

WBC RBC

Objective: You will be able to explain how antibodies can be used to type blood. Do Now: • Read the section on blood vessels on p. 946 -947 • List the characteristics of arteries, veins and capillaries

Figure 14. 10 x ABO blood types

Objective: You will be able to differentiate between the types of blood vessels. Do Now: • Read the section on blood vessels on p. 946 -947 • List the characteristics of arteries, veins and capillaries

Blood Vessels • Arteries transport blood away from the heart – They have thick, muscular walls

Blood Vessels • Veins transport blood to the heart – They have thin walls – Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Blood Vessels • Capillaries have walls that are only one cell thick – The exchange material with the blood and the intercellular fluid (ICF)

Intercellular Fluid (ICF) • ICF surrounds all of the cells of the body and exchanges materials with the blood and the cells – It is mostly made up of water • The ICF is picked up by lymph vessels and is now called lymph – Lymph vessels are one cell thick and contain valves

Tissue cell Capillary Direction of blood flow INTERSTITIAL FLUID Net fluid movement out Net fluid movement in

Capillary Red blood cell 15 m

Lymph • The lymph vessels bring the lymph to lymph nodes • Phagocytic WBC there, clean the lymph of bacteria and dead cells • Once the lymph is cleaned, it is returned to the blood

Objective: You will be able to differentiate between the types of blood vessels. Do Now: • Read the section called “The Heart” on p. 944 • Differentiate between the atria and the ventricles

Objective: You will be able to differentiate between the disorders of the circulatory system. Do Now: • Read the section called “Consequences of Atherosclerosis” on p. 950 • List the symptoms of a heart attack

Circulatory Malfunctions • Cardiovascular diseases are malfunctions that affect the heart and blood vessels – High blood pressure is characterized by having high pressure on the arteries. It damages the arteries and weakens the heart – Heart attacks include • Angina pectoris which is a partial blockage of a coronary artery • Coronary thrombosis which is a complete blockage of a coronary artery

Malfunctions continued • Blood conditions – Anemia is the inability of the blood to transport enough oxygen • May be caused by low amount of hemoglobin or low amount of RBC’s – Leukemia is a cancer that affects the bone marrow. • Blood is produced in the bone marrow. So this cancer is the uncontrolled production of nonfunctional WBC’s

Research • Find another disorder of the circulatory system and • • Describe the disorder in a few sentences What are its causes List its major symptoms Prevention and/or treatment • This report should be approximately 1 page in length